The campaign, he added, was funded by a Jewish philanthropist, who wished to remain anonymous.
Second-Hand evidence:
Peta did not experience this themselves, they had to do research and get the words of other people in order to make a point. Not only is this information not as trustworthy because it is second-hand but it is also anonymous which lowers its credits even more.
Prof. Gavin Yamey MD MPH. (2022, January 7). Thank you @j_g_allen for continuing to advocate for childhood vaccination & for sharing evidence on masks Yesterday, the U.S. saw a record number of COVID-19 pediatric hospital admissions, almost 1,000 Unvaxxed kids are 10 X more likely to be hospitalized than vaxxed kids 1/2 [Tweet]. @GYamey. https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1479265484562386944
US, G. S., Barbara K. Hofer,The Conversation. (n.d.). Don’t Look Up Illustrates 5 Myths That Fuel Rejection of Science. Scientific American. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-look-up-illustrates-5-myths-that-fuel-rejection-of-science/
Cutler, S. (2022, January 13). Cutting the Covid isolation period to five days is foolhardy and dangerous. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/13/cutting-covid-isolation-period-five-days-foolhardy-dangerous
because of dresscode, horny hormone infused teenage boys, and you never know if some of the teacher are attracted to children.
The speaker uses confirmation bias, providing evidence as to why minors should not be allowed to exercise or be on school property without shirt without providing any reason as to why a child in school may do so, and providing a counter argument. The speaker uses first hand evidence that supports the speaker claim while also ignoring contradictory evidence.
Natural News covered this story on September 20, 2021, with a headline: CONFIRMED: Gov. Inslee setting up covid concentration camps in Washington state, issuing job listings for “strike team” coordinators.
First-hand evidence, straw-man fallacy: Citing their own website again, and warping what the COVID-19 strike teams actually are.
I covered this in great detail in a Situation Update podcast entitled, “Situation Update, Sep 21, 2021 – Washington State hiring “strike teams” for COVID quarantine camps.” It is available here
First-hand evidence, false authority: Mike Adams cites a podcast ...made by Mike Adams.
Over the next decade, we now know, nearly 1.5 billion people will die from vaccine-related injuries, cancers, neurological disorders, organ damage and economic collapse. Each day, another 30 million vaccines are being administered, leading to the eventual deaths of another 10 million people over the next decade or so. They are essentially murdering 10 million people per day. This is a Holocaust-scale event every 14.4 hours.
Qualitative evidence, first-hand evidence: Citing their own website rather than a reliable secondary source.
As Jen Psaki said herself, “Our work doesn’t stop there and we are going to continue to press to get 12-18-year olds vaccinated… that’s one of the reasons why we initiated these strike forces to go into communities…” Here’s the video of Psaki saying this, in case you find it hard to believe:
Straw man fallacy, second-hand evidence: While it is true that Psaki said this, NaturalNews is misrepresenting what she is truly saying. According to WebMD, the COVID-19 strike forces are "...made up of health and logistics experts from several federal agencies, will conduct coronavirus testing, distribute medicines designed to fight the virus and boost local and state efforts to increase vaccinations,". They are not forcing people to take "KILL SHOTS".
From that article: It’s official: The White House has publicly and un-apologetically announced the deployment of “strike forces” — a military term — to go door-to-door across America, targeting unvaccinated people in their own homes. This was proudly announced yesterday by Jen Psaki. Very quickly, this program will be ramped up to full mandatory status, which means gunpoint enforcement of deadly shots, essentially meaning the U.S. government is unleashing death squads across America.
First-hand evidence. NaturalNews citing NaturalNews.
•. (n.d.). NYC ER Doc Breaks Down How Omicron Affects the Boosted, Vaxxed and Unvaccinated. NBC New York. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/nyc-er-doc-breaks-down-how-omicron-affects-the-boosted-vaxxed-and-unvaccinated/3468742/
Whereas once the area was sufficient for both sides, there’s now only room for one. (There’s no hint of the fact that San Juan Hill was, in fact, a predominantly Black neighborhood.) The filmmakers’ attempt to pin down a cause for the Jets-Sharks rivalry reflects their more general shift, in the new film, toward facile psychologizing.
The speaker is mostly just talking about a specific topic here and why the filmmaker has not done a great job with the racial problem.
“Holcaust on Your Plate”
Quantitative Evidence:
This evidence has statistics that can be measured and counted, giving Peta's argument actually facts and numbered data. Whether or not the data is accurate or trustworthy is up for debate. Considering the number of fallacies and faulty authority there seems to be in their argument, it is likely this too may not be accurate.
The campaign, headded, was funded by a Jewish philanthropist, who wished to remain anonymous.
Second-Hand evidence:
Peta did not experience this themselves, they had to do research and get the words of other people in order to make a point. Not only is this information not as trustworthy because it is second-hand but it is also anonymous which lowers its credits even more.
17-track album during lockdown.
Quantitative evidence
Salt air, and the rust on your doorI never needed anything more
First hand evidence
I’m doing good, I’m on some new sh*tBeen saying “yes” instead of “no”I thought I saw you at the bus stop, I didn’t though.
First hand evidence. Heard this himself
According to procon.org, students who look at a screen all day can develop computer vision syndrome. This syndrome can cause dry eyes, blurred vision, eyestrains, and headaches.
Type of Evidence: Second-Hand Evidence
The author is citing evidence from an article he read so he is getting information from the author who got information elsewhere, making the evidence be second-hand.
Paul. (2022, January 4). “Eminent” Professor Sunetra Gupta retweets pub landlord. The advancement of “science” 2020-2022... Https://t.co/CRQx5k0WMn [Tweet]. @Aw_what. https://twitter.com/Aw_what/status/1478317495912181762
Meaghan Kall. (2021, November 15). There are 2 other impressive conclusions from this study: 1. Comparing vaccine effectiveness of booster vs “fully vaxxed” as the baseline. Booster ADDS 81-85% protection against symptomatic infection ON TOP of what you already had from your primary (2-dose) vaccination https://t.co/5EO7m6GHTZ [Tweet]. @kallmemeg. https://twitter.com/kallmemeg/status/1460207567070769156
Prof. Dr. Sanjeev Bagai. (2021, November 23). Comprehensive dossier evidence of effectiveness of third dose Vax. @TVMohandasPai @ARanganathan72 @TimesNow @RShivshankar [Tweet]. @BagaiDr. https://twitter.com/BagaiDr/status/1463121434830512129
A Marm Kilpatrick. (2021, November 24). How do we get broad immunity to SARS-CoV-2 that will protect against future variants? 2 studies (are there more?) suggest that vaccination followed by infection gives broader protection than infection followed by vaccination. @florian_krammer @profshanecrotty @GuptaR_lab https://t.co/rqdf6rE9ej [Tweet]. @DiseaseEcology. https://twitter.com/DiseaseEcology/status/1463391782742335491
Kit Yates. (2021, December 22). “There is no evidence currently that COVID-19 vaccines are linked to an increase in sportspeople collapsing or dying due to heart issues such as myocarditis.” https://t.co/mw7l9zRSJX [Tweet]. @Kit_Yates_Maths. https://twitter.com/Kit_Yates_Maths/status/1473590628965617666
Calgary Herald. (n.d.). Calgaryherald. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/anti-covid-vaccine-dad-loses-battle-with-ex-wife-over-whether-to-get-their-children-inoculated
problems
Confirmation (evidence to support claims) First-hand qualitative evidence
Hotez, P. (2021). COVID vaccines: Time to confront anti-vax aggression. Nature, 592(7856), 661–661. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01084-x
COVID-19: Most Omicron cases are “mild” and there’s no evidence to suggest vaccines may be less effective against the variant, says WHO official. (n.d.). Sky News. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-most-omicron-cases-are-mild-and-theres-no-evidence-to-suggest-vaccines-may-be-less-effective-against-the-variant-says-who-12483729
being an insider to a cul-tural group necessarily means that the insiderresearcher has intimate knowledge of the par-ticular and situated experiences of all membersof the group or that generalizations can orshould be made about the knowledge the re-searcher holds about her own culture. A
Being an insider doesn't equate to intimate knowledge of situated experience.
I did not pursue vague statements, gener-alities, or even participant-initiated leads withfollow-up probes. “The observations . . . easily. . . overlooked” along with “the many taken-for-granted assumptions about social behavior
Not diving deeper into vague statement, because she thought she could infer based on her own experience.
tancing emotionally and intellectuallyfrom the substance of the material to enhance“abstraction of models or patterns of and forbehavior” as a native researcher (Ohnuki-Tierney, 1984 p. 584) resulted instead in dis-tancing from the process of the research and theability to att
Challenge - trying to be distant didn't obtain thick description.
COVID-19 Living Evidence. (2021, November 12). As of 12.11.2021, we have indexed 257,633 publications: 18,674 pre-prints 238,959 peer-reviewed publications Pre-prints: BioRxiv, MedRxiv Peer-reviewed: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO https://t.co/ytOhLG90Pi [Tweet]. @evidencelive. https://twitter.com/evidencelive/status/1459163720450519042
It’s even possible that future window stickers on new cars may point out that a vehicle meets cybersecurity standards.
Evidence of hacking evolution
The best-known vehicle takeover occurred in 2015 when security researchers on a laptop 10 miles away caused a Jeep Cherokee to lose power, change its radio station, turn on the windshield wipers and blast cold air. Jeep’s parent company, FCA, recalled 1.4 million vehicles to fix the vulnerability.
Demonstrative evidence
In 2019, the automotive cybersecurity company Karamba Security posted a fake vehicle electronic control unit online. In under three days, 25,000 breach attempts were made, and one succeeded.
Demonstrative evidence of hacking evolution
Karamba has been working with a South American trucking company whose fleet was hacked to hide it from its tracking system, allowing thieves to steal its cargo unnoticed.
Evidence: actual committed crime
Gurdasani, D., Bhatt, S., Costello, A., Denaxas, S., Flaxman, S., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, S., Hyde, Z., Katzourakis, A., McKee, M., Michie, S., Ratmann, O., Reicher, S., Scally, G., Tomlinson, C., Yates, C., Ziauddeen, H., & Pagel, C. (2021). Vaccinating adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 in England: A risk–benefit analysis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 01410768211052589. https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211052589
The goal of fast fashion is the optimization of the supply chain. Globaliza-tion in particular has provided the low-cost labour and international markets neces-sary for the creation of a global assembly line, which allows for cheaper and faster production of clothing.
Ledezma introduces an economic perspective into the growth of fast fashion. This is important as the reason behind company's decisions regarding fast fashion are based on economic opportunity. Ledezma specifically states that globalization has facilitated the production of fast fashion since companies can produce clothes in third world countries where they are able to pay low wages. This allows clothing to be sold for a lower price, while generating a large profit. This idea ties into the idea of variable cost, and opportunity cost in economics. The rhetor's idea is to appeal to the audience's logos since she is highlighting the economic approach to fast fashion, rather than relying on emotions to appeal to her audience. This is effective since this claim can be further backed up by statistics and other forms of data.
n 2007, a research team from MIT, Stanford, and Carnegie Mellon conducted a study studying using fMRI technology to examine how the brain reacts when Western customers shop for clothing. They discovered that the brain shows greatly increased activity when we shop (Knutson, Rick, Wimmer, Prelec, and Loewenstein 149). The researchers concluded that consumers gain direct pleasure from shopping but they gain an even greater pleasure from receiving a bargain.
Not only does Ledezma lay out the argument that the culture of the U.S. elevate the popularity and success of fast fashion, but she provides readers scientific evidence of the impact our culture has on our very minds. Because the ideal of cheap, in style clothing is so desirable to westerners and so deeply ingrained in our psyche, are we totally at fault for buying into an unsustainable way of life? Will humanity be able to move away from fast fashion despite the strong emotions we as humans hold towards it? The rhetor's simple language makes this study easy to understand and interestingly applicable to the understanding of globalization and fast fashion.
hearchitect did not follow the principles used in the planningof the "Eleanor Roosevelt" complex other than the orthogonal
Morell Campus development didn't follow the community development ideals of Greenbelt Towns. for reasons unknown.
In Ponce, to the south of the island, the PRRAallocated $500,000 for the development and construction of aworkers' settlement as part of the Slum Clearance Program.
Slum clearance in Ponce -
was a tract housing complex or"urbanizacion" of which two were developed, the "EleanorRoosevelt" and the "Morell Campos" housing complexes.
Morell Campus has a tract housing style.
o her the planners' ideas of community wassynonymous with village.6
The village of rht Greenbelt Towns was community development, per Christensen.
The American GardenCity and the New Town Movement, "the decision to buildcities was of profound importance since it signified anunderstanding that housing was only one dimension of theproblem. More fundamental was the generaldisenfranchisement of the poor who lacked voice andinfluence.1,6
Greenway new towns were to not just deal with housing, but the disenfranchisement of the poor....
John Roberts on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 31 October 2021, from https://twitter.com/john_actuary/status/1453289464441233422
Orent 10.28.2021, W. (2021, October 28). Why I Still Believe Covid-19 Could Not Have Originated in a Lab. Undark Magazine. https://undark.org/2021/10/28/opinion-why-covid-19-could-not-have-originated-in-a-lab/
Prasad, V. (2021, September 30). Why Are Highly Vaxxed Colleges Implementing Strict COVID Policies? https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/vinay-prasad/94785
Lagnado, D. A. (2022). Explaining the evidence: How the mind investigates the world. Cambridge University Press.
The average acreage involved in urban renewal projects in the 253 cities that were in the program in mid- 1959 was 78.6 per city, or about one-eighth of a square mile. But one-fourth of all ur- ban renewal acreage was contained in five cities; half the total was in nineteen cities. In the remaining cities the average acreage per city was 42.5, or a little over one- sixteenth of a square mile.
Descriptive statistics on urban renewal projects in cities.
Whether urban renewal is a form of col- lective action that would call into opera- tion the organization of the entire com- munity may be debatable
She concedes that urban renewal may not actually involved community collective action.
Godlee, F. (2021). Why healthcare needs rebels. BMJ, 375, n2559. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2559
Willyard, C. (2021). How antiviral pill molnupiravir shot ahead in the COVID drug hunt. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02783-1
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @STWorg: Updates to the wiki of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: Safety syringes retract: Https://t.co/q7Y1kV7pio Fertility not affe…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 October 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1398370401319673858
The Evidence - Coronavirus: The Evidence - To boost or not to boost? - BBC Sounds. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 October 2021, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct2yqg
Davey, M. (2021, September 24). Fraudulent ivermectin studies open up new battleground between science and misinformation. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/25/fraudulent-ivermectin-studies-open-up-new-battleground-between-science-and-misinformation
ICMR removes Ivermectin, HCQ from revised guidelines on Covid-19 treatment. (2021, September 24). Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/icmr-removes-ivermectin-hcq-from-revised-guidelines-on-covid-19-treatment-101632461755113.html
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, May 26). @Richard_Florida this is the Giesicke argument from Sweden- it makes sense only if you assume there will be no medical progress in the delay period. With vaccines and treatment improvements we know this to be empirically false. [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1397341753590489090
university anchor as city developer and planner
Planning initiatives of universities that influence the city - esp in problematic deteriorating districts.
Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land Grant Universities in 1996
redefined engagement - establishing two-way relations between university and its neighbors as the new paradigm.
he first was the designation of the Office of University Partnersqhips (OUP) and federal grants for Community Outreach Partnerships Centers (COPC) by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Federal resources helped to increase the community-engaged university under HUD.
fourth period largely emphasized outreach (and avoided physical intervention), including civic engagement, academic-based community research, and service learning
engaged community, community research, service learning.
World War II, as university anchors pursued direct intervention in neighborhoods to eliminate blight and expand the campus footprint.
Urban blight elimination
University and the Urban Laboratory
Laboratory for addressing social problems and infrastructure issues.
Morrill Act of 1862 (Act) represents the first federal intervention
Morrll Act of 1862 creates land-grant colleges. meaning important in industry and agricultural contributions of land-grant universities. -- connection between regional economy and universities.
While the Census figures suggest a $34,000 gap between homes inside and outside of the PAS catchment, a more detailed assessment of real estate transactions in University City (Steif, 2013) esti-mated a $100,000+ price differential.
Price differential of $100,000 inside and outside of PAS catchment.
Despite the WPI’s emphasis, the neighborhood’s homeownership rate remained steady.
WPI didn't increase hoeownership.
ing to Penn’s Department of Residential Services, in 2013, approximately 27% of Penn undergraduates (2,800) and 30% of graduate students (3,500) lived off-campus in University City—a stark improve-ment over the mid-1990s. Yet, Penn’s estimated off-campus student popu-lation accounts for less than 15% of the neighborhood’s total population and, geographically speaking, the concentration of students tends to dimin-ish as one moves beyond a three- to four-block radius from campus.
The students live off campus. rate of student occupancy tight around three- to four-block radius of campus.
Paynter, J., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D., Tucker, M., & Ecker, U. (2019). Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210746
2015, c. 3, s. 108(E)
Miscellaneous Statute Law Amendment Act, 2014, SC 2015, c 3, https://canlii.ca/t/52m35, s. 108(E) amends the English version of IRPA s. 16(3) to read:
Evidence relating to identity (3) An officer may require or obtain from a permanent resident or a foreign national who is arrested, detained, subject to an examination or subject to a removal order, any evidence — photographic, fingerprint or otherwise — that may be used to establish their identity or compliance with this Act.
Previously it had read:
Evidence relating to identity (3) An officer may require or obtain from a permanent resident or a foreign national who is arrested, detained or subject to a removal order, any evidence — photographic, fingerprint or otherwise — that may be used to establish their identity or compliance with this Act.
subsidizing new investment at a particular place merelymakes that place more attractive to in-migrants (Marston,).
new investments benefit new migrants seeking jobs. Thus little impact to local jobs base.
reas. In fact, the tendency is for rapid growth to be associated with higher rates of unemployment (for general documentation, see Follett 1976; Appelbaum 1976; Hadden and Borgatta 1965, p. 108; Samuelson 1942; Sierra Club of San Diego 1973).
growth creates unemployment
l limits to growthin favor of an optimistic, pro-growth narrative
the 3 e's don't consider limits to growth.
most resolute and avant-garde municipal socialists will find themselves in the end, playingthe capitalists game and performing as agents of discipline for the very processes they aretrying to resist’’ (Harvey, 1989: 5). Given such conditions, the participation of non-profitssuch as the FHL in the creation and governance of public space goes hand in hand withincreasing pressure to follow the rules dictated by the growth machine. Its efforts form aprotective layer that abets and legitimates the city’s neoliberal sustainable growth agenda(Mayer, 2007)
LU projects like High Line promote the growth machine...
hat particular sustainability fixes alwaysresult in winners and losers (Marcuse, 1998).
Supports argument by qoting Marcuse.
Indeed, the worldwide proliferation of a host of new urbansustainability strategies such as smart growth, New Urbanism, Transit-OrientedDevelopment and LU, is taking place in tandem with state sponsored, marketfundamentalist discourses (Gibbs et al., 2013)
These are all pro-growth strategies, according to the author,.
Cranz and Boland refer to as a ‘‘sustainable park’’ (Cranz and Boland, 2004)
Sustainability of parks .
principles ofLandscape Urbanism
Theoretical underpinning
I was really annoyed and frustrated at universitybecause we were taught to do specification sheets tosend to China, but we weren't educated as to who wasactually receiving those specification sheets, so everychance I got, I tried to do assignments that would edu-cate me about sustainable practices.
Here is a good example of qualitative data being used through a direct quote.
This article references data from 17 in-depth interviews con-ducted between October 2014 and February 2017 with Australian SFentrepreneurs
Using qualitative secondary research that others have gathered.
TABLE 1
More data is used in a table. I think the author uses these because it is an easy way to put a lot of important information into something easy to understand. Most data so far seems to be qualitative.
Figure 1
Some data about the common elements are used in a diagram! This makes it a lot easier to process since there are many parts. This data seems to be outside research that is widely known in the fashion community.
Bargar and Duncan (1982) note that research is a process “that. religiously uses logical analysis as a critical tool in the refinement of ideas, but which often begins at a very different place, where imagery, metaphor and. analogy, intuitive hunches, kinesthetic feeling states, and even dreams and. dream-like states are prepotent”
Logical analaysis is the tool that allows for the refinement of ideas. but begins with hunches, feelings, dreams.
he role of intuition-in- this phase of the research process cannot be underestimated. Studies of eminent scientists reveal the central role of creative - insight—intuition—in their thought processes (Hoffman, 1972; Libby, 1922; — Mooney, 1951).
Intuition as research process congeals.
This complex process of conceptualizing, framing, and focusing a study is depicted in Figure 2.5.
The process of conceiving, framing and focusing a study.
Figure 2.4 illustrates this funnel metaphor, drawing from the study by Benbow (1994) about the development of commitment to social action. The | large end of the funnel represents the general conceptual f focus—the issue of social activism and its rolein: ameliorating oppressive ‘ctreumiStances. Midway down the funnel, the focus narrows to a concern with individuals who have demonstrated and lived an intense commitment to social causes. An alternative ’ choice at this point would have been to focus on social movements as group | phenomena rather than on individuals whose lived experiences embody social consciousness, The small en end d of t the conceptual funnel focuses even ‘more closel ely ona research q question (or set of questions) about how life ex experiences helped shape and develop a lifelong, intensive commitment to social activism.
How the research question develops.
e cycle of inquiry
The Cycle of Inquiry - the relationship between theory practice, research question, and personal experience
unequivocal determination of the validity of findings is impossible (Becker, 1958; Bruyn, 1966; Lofland, 1971; Wolcott, 1992). More pro- foundly, for some phenomenologically oriented, inter- pretivist, and constructivist researchers, there is no unam- biguous social reality “out there” to be accounted for, so there is little need to evolve methodological canons to help explicate its laws (see Dreitzel, 1970).
Constructivist approach -- there is no ONE social reality - it's temporal, fluctuates and relates to other "social actors"
problem of confidence in findings has not gone away.
concedes there's a problem with confidence in the findings.
methods of analysis are not well formulated.
Methods are poor - no clear conventions. easy to get to wrong conclusions for science and policy-making.
Seen in traditional terms, the reliability and validity of qualitatively derived findings can be seriously in doubt (Dawson, 1979, 1982; Ginsberg, 1990; Kirk & Miller, 1986; Kvale, 1989a; LeCompte & Goetz, 1982
Qual findings may not be reliable of valid
et, in the flurry of this activity, we should be mindful of some pervasive issues that have not gone away.
labor intensive - long duration for data collection, too much data demanding coding of data. researcher bias. etc.
University of Pennsylvania Cen-ter for Community Partnerships
Penn has a Center for Community Partnerships
renovateaffordable homes and a nearby school,and facilitate homeownership in thearea.
home renovations and school renovations.
annual donation of $80,000to a neighborhood association to hire afull-time worker who organizes joblessresidents to keep the area clean andsafe.
Community investment to NH association to hire jobless.
Yale University conducted an eco-nomic assessment of its impact onNew Haven and found that “Yale’sstrength and the health of the City, fiscally and socially, are inextricablylinked” (Economic Impact: Yale andNew Haven, 1993). The study’s find-ings motivated the University to com-mit over $41 million to a variety ofneighborhood revitalization projects in the city.
University and the success and the social and fiscal health of city are linked.
Between20 to 50 homes are reconstructed
home construction
The impact of such investments issubstantial. On average, the univer-sity spends over $2 billion a year onpurchasing contracts for goods andservices. Penn’s spending in WestPhiladelphia quadrupled from $10million in 1993 to $42 million in1998. More than three-quarters ofthe university’s construction con-tracts in 1997 went to local busi-nesses that employed city residents.The new retail and commercial activ-ity alone is creating nearly 400 newconstruction jobs and 4,250 long-term jobs. More information can befound at www.upenn.edu
Economic impact
The major strength of the theory of change approach is its inherent common sense. Its major competitive advantage is the inability of other currently available approaches to do the job. We have described the potential benefits of the theory of change approach from the initial planning of a CCI, through the measurement of its outcomes and activities, to the analysis and interpretation of the data. It should generate useful learning over the life span of the initiative and could spawn cross-initiative learning as well. But perhaps its most powerful contribution to the evaluation endeavor is its emphasis on understanding not only whether activities produce effects but how and why, throughout the course of the initiative.
Evidence to support theory
Chen (1990) and Patton (1986) describe a process in which stakeholders and evaluators "co-construct" the initiative's theory so as to maximize its utility for all, as a planning and management tool
Other theorists say do the design of a project through a co-construction process with stakeholders and evaluators.
Clearly, this will not be as powerful as evidence resulting from randomly assigned control and treatment groups,
random trials better. with control and treatment groups
Ohio judge reverses court order forcing hospital to treat Covid patient with ivermectin. (2021, September 7). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/07/ivermectin-ohio-judge-reverses-court-order-covid-patient
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘there is a literature on arguments from ignorance (viewed from a Bayesian perspective) that can help here, I think https://t.co/tg1Jlrlldg’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1432409133957869572
How is the minimum wage calculated in India? India offers the most competitive labor costs in Asia, with the national-level minimum wage at around INR 176 (US$2.80) per day, which works out to INR 4,576 (US$62) per month. This is a national floor-level wage – and will vary depending on geographical areas and other criteria. More broadly, a global ranking of average wages recently prepared by Picodi.com showed that India had an average monthly wage of INR 32,800 (US$437).
Seth Trueger on Twitter: “@IdiotTracker @RyanMarino from the makers of ivermectin https://t.co/oEhAaWhqK3” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2021, from https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1404856892812316677
Pilditch, T. (2021). Why scientific evidence is no longer enough in public debate [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/98v2n
Stratil, Jan M., Maike Voss, and Laura Arnold. “WICID Framework Version 1.0: Criteria and Considerations to Guide Evidence-Informed Decision-Making on Non-Pharmacological Interventions Targeting COVID-19.” BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): e003699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003699.
TV Tropes
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/StringTheory
Sometimes also called anacapa charts in criminology.
Mallapaty, S. (2021). A blood marker predicts who gets ‘breakthrough’ COVID. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02096-3
Trisha Greenhalgh on Twitter: “LONG THREAD on masks. Mute if not interested. Do masks work? Why do some people claim they don’t work? Do they cause harm? What kinds of masks should we wear? How does masking need to change now we know that Covid is airborne? When can we stop wearing them? Get your popcorn. 1/” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://twitter.com/trishgreenhalgh/status/1414294003479089154
Dr. Felix Schönbrodt on Twitter. (2020). Twitter. Retrieved 4 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/nicebread303/status/1325829196883636231
u/dawnlxh. (2021). Reviewing peer review: does the process need to change, and how?. r/BehSciAsk. Reddit
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, June 9). RT @EricTopol: How to reduce the case fatality rate in each age group? Give them vaccines By @VictimOfMaths https://t.co/S0d9tpfxao https:… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1402655685217718272
Maatman, F. O. (2021). Psychology’s Theory Crisis, and Why Formal Modelling Cannot Solve It. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/puqvs
Sand–in respect of its printing off people’s footsteps–is one of the best detective officers I know. If we don’t meet with Rosanna Spearman by coming round on her in this way, the sand may tell us what she has been at, if the light only lasts long enough.
If they found footsteps on the sand, then it will become a solid evidence. Rosanna
Health, A. G. D. of. (2021, March 13). COVID-19 vaccines – Is it true? [Text]. Australian Government Department of Health; Australian Government Department of Health. https://www.health.gov.au/initiatives-and-programs/covid-19-vaccines/is-it-true
Evans, T. R., Branney, P., Clements, A., & Hatton, E. (2021). Preregistration of Applied Research for Evidence-Based Practice [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/snj2d
Fact Check-COVID-19 vaccines are not ‘cytotoxic’ | Reuters. (n.d.). Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/factcheck-vaccine-cytotoxic/fact-check-covid-19-vaccines-are-not-cytotoxic-idUSL2N2O01XP
Association, N. S. and P. (n.d.). AstraZeneca covid-19 vaccine may hinder blood clotting in rare cases. New Scientist. Retrieved 18 June 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2280446-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-may-hinder-blood-clotting-in-rare-cases/
Here’s Where That COVID-19 Vaccine Infertility Myth Came From—And Why It Is Not True. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2021, from https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/04/fertility-rumor-covid-vaccine
Milman, O., Yelin, I., Aharony, N., Katz, R., Herzel, E., Ben-Tov, A., Kuint, J., Gazit, S., Chodick, G., Patalon, T., & Kishony, R. (2021). Community-level evidence for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection of unvaccinated individuals. Nature Medicine, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01407-5
JUNIPER: Potential community transmission of B.1.617.2 inferred by S-gene positivity - briefing note, 11 May 2021. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 June 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/juniper-potential-community-transmission-of-b16172-inferred-by-s-gene-positivity-briefing-note-11-may-2021
Evidenzbasierte / evidenzinformierteGesundheitskommunikation (1. Auflage). (2018). Nomos. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845291963
Systematic Evidence and the Covid-19 Stress Test: Pass Or Fail? (2021, May 25). Absolutely Maybe. https://absolutelymaybe.plos.org/2021/05/25/systematic-evidence-and-the-covid-19-stress-test-pass-or-fail/
Gugerty, L., Shreeves, M., & Dumessa, N. (2021). Biased belief updating in causal reasoning about COVID-19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bfw76
Taddio, A., McMurtry, C. M., Shah, V., Riddell, R. P., Chambers, C. T., Noel, M., MacDonald, N. E., Rogers, J., Bucci, L. M., Mousmanis, P., Lang, E., Halperin, S. A., Bowles, S., Halpert, C., Ipp, M., Asmundson, G. J. G., Rieder, M. J., Robson, K., Uleryk, E., … Bleeker, E. V. (2015). Reducing pain during vaccine injections: Clinical practice guideline. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(13), 975–982. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150391
HERIFF: They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!COUNTY ATTORNEY: Frank's fire didn't do much upthere, did it? Well, let's go out to the barn and get that cleared up. MRS HALE: I don't know as there's anything so strange, our takin' up ourtime with little things while we're waiting for them to get the evidence. I don't see as it's anything to laughabout.MRS PETERS: Of course they've got awful important things on theirminds.
complete dismissal
MRS HALE: No, I don't mean anything. But I don't think a place'd be any cheerfuller forJohn Wright's being in it.COUNTY ATTORNEY: I'd like to talk more of that a little later. I want to get the lay ofthings upstairs now.
dismissal
I guess before we're through she may have something moreserious than preserves to worry about.HALE: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles
for their dismissal
Temoka, E. (2013). Becoming a vaccine champion: Evidence-based interventions to address the challenges of vaccination. South Dakota Medicine: The Journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association, Spec no, 68–72.
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., Westhuizen, H.-M. van der, Delft, A. von, Price, A., Fridman, L., Tang, L.-H., Tang, V., Watson, G. L., Bax, C. E., Shaikh, R., Questier, F., Hernandez, D., Chu, L. F., Ramirez, C. M., & Rimoin, A. W. (2021). An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118
Early government intervention is key to reducing the spread of COVID-19. (2020, May 6). Science & Research News | Frontiers. https://blog.frontiersin.org/2020/05/06/early-government-intervention-is-key-to-reducing-the-spread-of-covid-19/
The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data. (2020, May 7). Opportunity Insights. https://opportunityinsights.org/paper/tracker/
Ryan McNamara 🧬 on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 19 February 2021, from https://twitter.com/Ryan_Mac_Phd/status/1361435791004758018
The Last Crusidual. (2021, February 2). @SciBeh @MichaelPaulEdw1 @ToddHorowitz3 @richarddmorey you can’t have any form of evidence. If you concider any form of evidence, than what is talked about than isn’t anymore what the falacy sais. [Tweet]. @islaut1. https://twitter.com/islaut1/status/1356529266519924736
MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 5 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/MRC_Outbreak/status/1331677485122121732
Jonathan Rothberg 🦋. (2021, March 2). Testing works. I test daily. Insist on HOME testing. @michaelmina_lab @JoeBiden Research suggests B.1.526 needs to be closely watched “for its ability to evade both monoclonal antibody and, to a certain extent, the vaccine-induced antibody,” said Fauci [Tweet]. @JMRothberg. https://twitter.com/JMRothberg/status/1366755339912306688
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 19 February 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1356525692700291072
Variants, 3 New Covid Vaccines, and Contested Efficacy Claims: A Month of Seismic Shifts and Confusion. (2021, January 31). Absolutely Maybe. https://absolutelymaybe.plos.org/2021/01/31/variants-3-new-covid-vaccines-and-contested-efficacy-claims-a-month-of-seismic-shifts-and-confusion/
Marques, M. D., Kerr, J., Williams, M., Ling, M., & McLennan, J. (2021). Associations Between Conspiracism and the Rejection of Scientific Innovations. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y9mnb
Chen, X., Chen, Z., Azman, A. S., Deng, X., Sun, R., Zhao, Z., Zheng, N., Chen, X., Lu, W., Zhuang, T., Yang, J., Viboud, C., Ajelli, M., Leung, D. T., & Yu, H. (2021). Serological evidence of human infection with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00026-7
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, April 18). RT @jcbarret: A few thoughts on the B.1.617 variant, first seen in India in late 2020, recently seen in >100 cases in the UK, and very much… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1384128233348558856
Mehdi Hasan. (2021, April 12). ‘Given you acknowledged...in March 2020 that Asian countries were masking up at the time, saying we shouldn’t mask up as well was a mistake, wasn’t it... At the time, not just in hindsight?’ My question to Dr Fauci. Listen to his very passionate response: Https://t.co/BAf4qp0m6G [Tweet]. @mehdirhasan. https://twitter.com/mehdirhasan/status/1381405233360814085
Swenson, A. (2021, April 20). Study lacks evidence on masks, isn’t linked to Stanford. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-629043235973
Maarten van Smeden. (2021, March 25). 🚨🚨NEW EVIDENCE PYRAMID🚨🚨 https://t.co/RnGfl337tD [Tweet]. @MaartenvSmeden. https://twitter.com/MaartenvSmeden/status/1375008127737851904
Schiavone, S. R., Bottesini, J. G., & Vazire, S. (2021). The Crisis from Above: Gatekeepers Need Better Standards. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mby5u
We found that a much higher percentage(17/38, or 44.7%) ofKdm4dmRNA-injected SCNT embryosderived from fetal monkey fibroblasts were able to develop intoFigure 1. Procedure for Monkey SCNTUsing Fetal Monkey Fibroblasts(A) Fetal monkey fibroblasts in primary culture.(B and C) Spindle-chromosome complex (arrow-head) in a monkey MII oocyte before (B) and after(C) removal.(D–F) An oocyte with a slit in the zona pellucida (D,arrowhead) induced by laser irradiation, and theHVJ-E-incubated fibroblast (arrowhead) before (E)and after (F) injection into the perivitelline space.(G) Spindle-like structure formed by the donorfibroblast nucleus after fibroblast-cytoplast fusion.(H) Single nucleus formed after embryo activationwith ionomycin and DMAP.(I) Blastocysts developed fromKdm4dmRNA-injected embryos, which were produced by SCNTusing fetal fibroblasts (arrowheads: ICM).(J–L) Example images of blastocysts with andwithout normal development of ICM shown at ahigher resolution. Blastocysts with a prominentICM (arrowhead) obtained by SCNT (J), blasto-cysts with a prominent ICM (arrowhead) obtainedby ICSI (K), and poor-quality blastocysts withoutclear ICM obtained by SCNT (L).All scale bars, 60mm.blastocysts, among which a large fraction(11/17, or 64.7%) showed prominent ICMsimilar to the ICM in embryos obtained byintracytoplasmic sperm injection (Figures1I–1L,2A, and 2B). We also tested theeffect ofKdm4dmRNA injection onSCNT embryos derived from cumuluscells of adult female monkeys (from which the oocytes wereobtained) and found that all SCNT embryos showed a singlepronucleus after activation under I/D/T condition (Figures S2A–S2D). The majority of them (24/33, or 72.7%) developed intoblastocysts, most of which (15/24, or 62.5%) showed prominentICM. By contrast, in the absence ofKdm4dmRNA injection, only5% (1/20) of SCNT embryos derived from cumulus cellsdeveloped into blastocysts, none of which showed prominentICM
Analysis of RNA-seq datasets of monkeyICSI embryos at 4- and 8-cell stage (n = 4 embryos each) ledto identification of 3,997 regions (20–160 kb) that were ex-pressed at least 5-fold higher (FC > 5) in 8-cell embryos ascompared to 4-cell embryos (Data S1), indicating massive up-regulation of genes during early embryonic development.
Clear spindle-like structure was detected after thefusion of the fetal monkey fibroblast with the enucleated oocyte(Figures 1G andS1A). About 1–2 hr after the fusion, ‘‘recon-structed’’ oocytes were activated with ionomycin and 6-dime-thylaminopurine (I/D). All activated embryos showed a singlepronucleus (Figures 1H andS1B) and were further cultured forin vitrodevelopment
Evidence showing success with the fusion of the fibroblasts with the enucleated oocyte.
trans-planted SCNT embryos in surrogate monkeys. ForSCNT using fetal monkey fibroblasts, 6 pregnancieswere confirmed in 21 surrogates and yielded2 healthy babies. For SCNT using adult monkeycumulus cells, 22 pregnancies were confirmed in42 surrogates and yielded 2 babies that were short-lived
SCNT using fetal monkey fibroblasts vs. SCNT using adult monkey cumulus cells
Schwarz, N., Newman, E., & Leach, W. (2016). Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology. Behavioral Science & Policy, 2(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2016.0009
In recent years, the U.S. federal government has invested approximately $463 billion annually in interventions that affect the overall health and well-being of children and youth, while state and local budgets have devoted almost double that amount. The potential returns on these investments may not only be substantial but also have long-lasting effects for individuals and succeeding generations of their families.
Ideally, those tasked with making these investments would have available to them the evidence needed to determine the cost of all required resources to fully implement and sustain each intervention, the expected returns of the investment, to what extent these returns can be measured in monetary or nonmonetary terms, and who will receive the returns and when. As a result of a number of challenges, however, such evidence may not be effectively produced or applied. Low-quality evidence and/or a failure to consider the context in which the evidence will be used may weaken society's ability to invest wisely, and also reduce future demand for this and other types of evidence.
Advancing the Power of Economic Evidence to Inform Investments in Children, Youth, and Families highlights the potential for economic evidence to inform investment decisions for interventions that support the overall health and well-being of children, youth, and families. This report describes challenges to the optimal use of economic evidence, and offers recommendations to stakeholders to promote a lasting improvement in its quality, utility, and use.
Chevallier, Coralie, Anne-Sophie Hacquin, and Hugo Mercier. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Shortening the Last Mile’. PsyArXiv, 3 March 2021. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xchj6.
BMJ GH Blogs. ‘An Effective National Response to COVID-19: What Not to Learn from Sweden’. BMJ Global Health blog, 1 November 2020. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/2020/11/01/covid-19-what-not-to-learn-from-sweden/.
Louis Appleby: What has been the effect of covid-19 on suicide rates? (2021, March 10). The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/03/10/louis-appleby-what-has-been-the-effect-of-covid-19-on-suicide-rates/
Hackathon: Climate denial and COVID-19 misinformation: birds of a feather? : BehSciAsk. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/jjk00r/hackathon_climate_denial_and_covid19/
Ashish K. Jha, MD, MPH. (2020, November 20). Today was a very, very odd day I testified before @senatehomeland They held a hearing on hydroxychloroquine. Yup, HCQ In the middle of the worst surge of pandemic HCQ It was clear how our information architecture shapes questions of science and medicine of COVID A thread [Tweet]. @ashishkjha. https://twitter.com/ashishkjha/status/1329646432958156801
Covid-19 transmission – Sense about Science. (n.d.). Retrieved 28 February 2021, from https://senseaboutscience.org/activities/covid-19-transmission/
The COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Handbook. (n.d.). HackMD. Retrieved 23 February 2021, from https://hackmd.io/@scibehC19vax/home
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1995). Statistics notes: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. BMJ, 311(7003), 485. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7003.485
Trump posted the hashtag on Facebook, this time without any misspelling. Since Facebook wasn’t suppressing the hashtag, there was no need to typosquat around it. That night, Trump used the slogan at a campaign rally in Wisconsin.
Finally, Mr. Trump tweeted the typosquatted hashtag the Friday before Election Day.
A hallmark of a successful disinformation campaign is adaptation — when proponents of the campaign adjust their tactics to get around efforts that journalists, government officials or tech companies have taken to stem its spread. On Oct. 16, campaign operators began adapting to Twitter’s curbs.
On Oct. 16, The Daily Beast reported that these Himalaya accounts were a connected network affiliated with Mr. Bannon. Twitter confirmed to Foreign Policy magazine that it had taken down a network of connected accounts pushing Hunter Biden disinformation.
In early October, Rudy Giuliani, the president’s personal lawyer, used the hashtag repeatedly, hinting at what would later be revealed by The Post: that the F.B.I. had seized a computer that purportedly belonged to Hunter Biden.
And Mr. Trump’s typo? It was surely not accidental. That extra “i” circumvented Twitter’s efforts to hide the hashtag in search results. Called #typosquatting, this tactic is often used by trolls and media manipulators to get around the rules of social media platforms.
In the last month, on Facebook alone, posts with the hashtag had about 277,000 “interactions” like reactions and comments, according to the data analytics tool CrowdTangle — and that’s only on non-private pages. Without the hashtag, the slogan has had more than a million public interactions this month on Facebook.
Mr. Trump tweeted the typosquatted hashtag
evidence
Twitter accounts with “Himalaya” in the handle used the #BidenCrimeFamily hashtag to spread those photos across Twitter.
evidence
In the last month, on Facebook alone, posts with the hashtag had about 277,000 “interactions”
evidence - specific details
Tang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W. P., Bluyssen, P. M., Buonanno, G., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Miller, S., Sekhar, C., Morawska, L., Marr, L. C., Melikov, A. K., Nazaroff, W. W., Nielsen, P. V., Tellier, R., Wargocki, P., & Dancer, S. J. (2021). Dismantling myths on the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Journal of Hospital Infection, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.022
best-available evidence—ie, in formal evidence synthesis.
The courses span a suite of synthesis methods, including systematic review and systematic mapping, stakeholder engagement in evidence synthesis, and evidence synthesis technology.
IRT methods constitute another set of procedures for examining the degree to which test items conform to a hypothesized structure.
Researchers looked at a group of 143 Penn undergraduates, using baseline monitoring and randomly assigning each to either a group limiting Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat use to 10 minutes per platform per day, or to one told to use social media as usual for three weeks. The results, published in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, showed significant reductions in loneliness and depression over three weeks in the group limiting use compared to the control group.
Yildirim
In 2018, 42% of those surveyed in a Pew Research Center survey said they had taken a break from checking the platform for a period of several weeks or more, while 26% said they had deleted the Facebook app from their cellphone.
Recently in the realm of commerce, Facebook faced skepticism in its testimony to the Senate Banking Committee on Libra, its proposed cryptocurrency and alternative financial system. In politics, heartthrob Justin Bieber tweeted the President of the United States, imploring him to “let those kids out of cages.” In law enforcement, the Philadelphia police department moved to terminate more than a dozen police officers after their racist comments on social media were revealed.
examples of social media's integration in our lives
I think it’s a bit more robust to do this at the grid definition level.
Toff, B. J., Badrinathan, S., Mont’Alverne, C., Arguedas, A. R., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). What we think we know and what we want to know: Perspectives on trust in news in a changing world. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/what-we-think-we-know-and-what-we-want-to-know-perspectives-on-tr
evidence
The Trump team (and much of the GOP) is working backwards, desperately trying to find something, anything to support the president’s aggrieved feelings, rather than objectively considering the evidence and reacting as warranted.
What do you expect after they've spent four years doing the same thing day in and day out?
ow-SES people,
I think this evidence is a result of the the main claim of the government not being able to help low income families and students, leading to discrimination from society and fits well into the essay.
e “concentrated disadvantage” of living in low-income communities—whereconditions such as unhealthy air and water, overpopulated living arrangements, a lack of healthyfood, and few play areas are common—contributes to the strugg
I think this piece of evidence provides a good backing point to the main claim of the essay and plays really well with the analysis and the source being used in this paragraph.
Baker and Johnston examine the evidence that low-incomeschools tend to have “teachers with significantly fewer years at the school and lower levels ofcertification” (195)
I like this use of a source. The author elaborates on it and this argument came up earlier as well so it ties the essay together nicely.
While this study focused on the divide between high- and low-incomeschools, Gorski elaborates that children from low-income families are more likely to attendlow-income schools in the first place
I'm not sure what exactly this is talking about. It seems a bit out of place. It seems like it may have been stuck in there as an after thought.
Gorski goes into detailabout the nature of American classism, using common myths about the poor to demonstrate theidea that the poor as a whole have “monolithic and predictable beliefs, values, and behaviors”(32). He explains that these myths lead to a social system where people in power are reluctant tofix or are ignorant of social institutions (including public education) which perpetuate poverty.Without acknowledging the classism that these stereotypes promote, proposed remedies toeducation inequality will continue to be ineffective, band-aid solutions.
I think in this paragraph, the author could've incorporated education more into their argument. Here it appears that they're talking about poverty in general and not education specifically.
A novel theoretical development in recent years is the analysis of the consequences of stereotyped reasoning or statistical discrimina- tion (see Phelps 1972; Arrow 1973). This analysis suggests that the beliefs of employers, teachers, and other influential groups that minor- ity members are less productive can be self-fulfilling, for these beliefs may cause minorities to underinvest in education, training, and work skills, such as punctuality. The underinvestment does make them less productive (see a good recent analysis by Loury [1992])
Uses theoretical evidence of others to support his theory.
“Do I remember this bright little face?” he said softly. “Is it known to me of yore?”
This is suggestive of of the old man's rich experience attending balls. The questions the man asked implies the man's awareness that it is Leila's first ball at this point since he did not see Leila before in any ball he attended.
The films are thus better understood as copies whose originals are often lost or little known” (Dika, 10-11)
This is a great way the writer used to defend their claim. Just by including evidence that nostalgia in films are just copies whose originals are lost. In fact it's giving justice to the originals because they're reviving the original lost film instead of it being lost forever.
Those who regularly were in a nostalgic state were considered to be unhealthy, as they were ‘stuck’ in the past, ignoring their present lives. (“Anticipatory Nostalgia”, 75).
I like the way the writer expresses the counter argument using their evidence smoothly providing a nice transition. Then later connects the evidence with nostalgia in films.