- Aug 2023
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howtosavetheworld.ca howtosavetheworld.ca
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It probably isn’t even a stretch to suggest that herds and flocks of many other animals use a form of direct democracy in making their decisions. Again despite the myths, “alphas” do not make decisions for others, “leadership” roles rotate regularly, the “law of two (or four) feet” tests the group’s readiness for consensus, and principles such as the “first follower” enable wild creatures to reach a decision in their group’s best collective interest. Dissenters and unpersuaded group members are free to go off and look for another group, except at critical times (such as breeding season, or when under attack), when all members of the group instinctively pitch in to share the extra burden or workload, or help work through the crisis or challenge. We’re not so different, or, at least, we weren’t.
- for: animal decision-making
- adjacency
- animal herding behavior and
- direct democracy
- claim
- herds and flocks of many other animals (other than human) use a form of direct democracy in making decisions
- Alphas do not alone make decisions, as leadership often rotates
- The law of "two feet (or four" tests the group's readiness for consensus and the "first follower" principle
- dissenters and unpersuaded group members are free to go off and look for another group
- except at critical times such as
- breeding season
- under threat
- except at critical times such as
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- Aug 2022
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www.news-medical.net www.news-medical.net
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Thomas, L. (2021, October 14). SARS-CoV-2 induces tissue immune memory. News-Medical.Net. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20211014/SARS-CoV-2-induces-tissue-immune-memory.aspx
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www.abc.net.au www.abc.net.au
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Willis, O. (2021, October 19). The pandemic won’t end with a bang, but more likely a fizzle. Here’s how. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2021-10-20/covid-19-pandemic-when-does-it-end-become-endemic-like-flu/100549816
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Monto, A. S. (2021). The Future of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination—Lessons from Influenza. New England Journal of Medicine, 0(0), null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2113403
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www.spectator.co.uk www.spectator.co.uk
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Kulldorff, M. (2021, October 12). Covid, lockdown and the retreat of scientific debate | The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/covid-lockdown-and-the-retreat-of-scientific-debate
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www.academie-medecine.fr www.academie-medecine.fr
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Vaccination of children aged 5 to 11 against Covid-19: Don’thesitate any longer – Académie nationale de médecine | Une institution dans son temps. (2022, January 25). https://www.academie-medecine.fr/vaccination-of-children-aged-5-to-11-against-covid-19-donthesitate-any-longer/?lang=en
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- Jul 2022
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Local file Local file
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Speculation, herd exuberance, irrational optimism, rent-seekingand the temptation o f fraud drive asset markets to overshoot andplunge - which is why they need careful regulation, something Ialways supported. (M arkets in goods and services need lessregulation.)
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- Apr 2022
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Sir Karam Bales ✊ 🇺🇦. (2022, January 29). 1/🧵Some questionable stats, studies and statements over past 6 week Examples and evaluation First of all its worth looking at the impact some studies and articles have had in recent months https://t.co/o83T5fJW2N [Tweet]. @karamballes. https://twitter.com/karamballes/status/1487240863835119617
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Prof Francois Balloux [@BallouxFrancois]. (2021, December 9). This may have sounded somewhat naïve in early 2020, but by now, I would have expected that anyone with an interest in covid-19 might have acquired some basic notions in infectious disease epidemiology. 1/ [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BallouxFrancois/status/1469063480334561285
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Humans’ tendency to“overimitate”—to reproduce even the gratuitous elements of another’s behavior—may operate on a copy now, understand later basis. After all, there might begood reasons for such steps that the novice does not yet grasp, especially sinceso many human tools and practices are “cognitively opaque”: not self-explanatory on their face. Even if there doesn’t turn out to be a functionalrationale for the actions taken, imitating the customs of one’s culture is a smartmove for a highly social species like our own.
Is this responsible for some of the "group think" seen in the Republican party and the political right? Imitation of bad or counter-intuitive actions outweights scientifically proven better actions? Examples: anti-vaxxers and coronavirus no-masker behaviors? (Some of this may also be about or even entangled with George Lakoff's (?) tribal identity theories relating to "people like me".
Explore this area more deeply.
Another contributing factor for this effect may be the small-town effect as most Republican party members are in the countryside (as opposed to the larger cities which tend to be more Democratic). City dwellers are more likely to be more insular in their interpersonal relations whereas country dwellers may have more social ties to other people and groups and therefor make them more tribal in their social interrelationships. Can I find data to back up this claim?
How does link to the thesis put forward by Joseph Henrich in The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous? Does Henrich have data about city dwellers to back up my claim above?
What does this tension have to do with the increasing (and potentially evolutionary) propensity of humans to live in ever-increasingly larger and more dense cities versus maintaining their smaller historic numbers prior to the pre-agricultural timeperiod?
What are the biological effects on human evolution as a result of these cultural pressures? Certainly our cultural evolution is effecting our biological evolution?
What about the effects of communication media on our cultural and biological evolution? Memes, orality versus literacy, film, radio, television, etc.? Can we tease out these effects within the socio-politico-cultural sphere on the greater span of humanity? Can we find breaks, signs, or symptoms at the border of mass agriculture?
total aside, though related to evolution: link hypercycles to evolution spirals?
Tags
- Joseph Henrich
- anti-science
- comparative anthropology
- follow the herd
- spatial relationships
- Big History
- urban vs. rural
- culture
- city vs. town
- hypercycle
- group think
- evolution spirals
- relationships
- evolution
- WEIRD
- imitation > innovation
- anti-vaccines
- human evolution
- anthropology
- imitation
- identity
- anti-intellectualism
Annotators
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Dr Nisreen Alwan 🌻. (2021, March 14). Exactly a year ago we wrote this letter in the Times. We were gobsmacked! We just didn’t understand what the government was basing all its decisions on including stopping testing and the herd immunity by natural infection stuff. We wanted to see the evidence backing them. [Tweet]. @Dr2NisreenAlwan. https://twitter.com/Dr2NisreenAlwan/status/1371168531669258242
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Stefan Simanowitz. (2021, March 18). 1/. The PM claims that the govt “stuck to the science like glue” But this is not true At crucial times they ignored the science or concocted pseudo-scientific justifications for their actions & inaction This thread, & the embedded threads, set them out https://t.co/dhXqkSL1bz [Tweet]. @StefSimanowitz. https://twitter.com/StefSimanowitz/status/1372460227619135493
Tags
- BBC
- epidemiology
- Boris Johnson
- is:twitter
- government policy
- reasoning
- misinformation
- behavioural fatigue
- delaying lockdown
- COVID-19
- care homes
- lang:en
- herd immunity
- public health
- spread infection
- transmission
- asymptomatic
- media narrative
- public communication
- pseudo-scientific justifications
- vaccine
Annotators
URL
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2021, March 18). A devastating graph that any proponent of ‘natural’ herd immunity needs to address [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1372580461420154880
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twitter.com twitter.com
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JoHo. (2022, February 18). @PeteUK7 @kprather88 @BallouxFrancois I wrote an article about that tweet. He said he was going to respond. Instead he blocked me and deleted the tweet. Https://t.co/Gna9ubpae4 [Tweet]. @JHowardBrainMD. https://twitter.com/JHowardBrainMD/status/1494491992071360512
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Sebastian Rushworth M.D. (2021, January 25). This graph shows the share of the Swedish population testing positive to antibodies against covid week on week. The results are pretty startling. Https://t.co/rye4WImrvl [Tweet]. @sebrushworth. https://twitter.com/sebrushworth/status/1353775606274654208
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www.thedailybeast.com www.thedailybeast.com
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Baragona, P. M., Justin. (2021, October 18). Anti-Vaxxers Are Already Trying to Weaponize Powell’s Death. The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/colin-powells-vaccinated-coronavirus-death-triggers-anti-vaxxer-frenzy
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Virpi Flyg on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 1 April 2022, from https://twitter.com/VirpiFlyg/status/1452995562224201736
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- Mar 2022
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Social Media Conversations in Support of Herd Immunity are Driven by Bots. (n.d.). Federation Of American Scientists. Retrieved March 31, 2022, from https://fas.org/blogs/fas/2020/10/social-media-conversations-in-support-of-herd-immunity-are-driven-by-bots/
Tags
- inorganic activity
- modeling
- transmission
- social media
- conversation
- artificial account
- misinformation
- one-sided automation
- bot
- COVID-19
- is:article
- online misinformation
- lang:en
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
fas.org/blogs/fas/2020/10/social-media-conversations-in-support-of-herd-immunity-are-driven-by-bots/ -
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twitter.com twitter.com
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george davey smith. (2021, December 28). Omicron is illustrating “herd immunity” as how it was introduced: A relative concept, that reduces the adverse outcome of infections within populations, not as an absolute threshold that stopped transmission; as @bmj_latest #covidunknowns webinar explains https://t.co/t8nPeL9V8r [Tweet]. @mendel_random. https://twitter.com/mendel_random/status/1475821583331700739
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acasignups.net acasignups.net
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Gaba, C. (2022, February 22). Updated: A Full Year of U.S. COVID Vaccinations by Partisan Lean...Animated [Text]. ACA Signups. https://acasignups.net/22/02/22/updated-full-year-us-covid-vaccinations-partisan-leananimated
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twitter.com twitter.com
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John Bye. (2022, January 6). Despite repeatedly being proven wrong by subsequent events, covid disinformation groups like HART have constantly been given a platform on TV and radio throughout the pandemic. Even after #hartleaks revealed many of their members to be anti-vax conspiracy cranks. 🧵2: Broadcast https://t.co/I3unq04gij [Tweet]. @_johnbye. https://twitter.com/_johnbye/status/1479202308139409413
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- Feb 2022
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Fionna O’Leary, 🕯🇪🇺. (2022, January 18). All that herd immunity …. Covid 3 times. Balloux https://t.co/OfwRvgakK9 [Tweet]. @fascinatorfun. https://twitter.com/fascinatorfun/status/1483260151620644864
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blogs.bmj.com blogs.bmj.com
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Pak, C. (2022, February 8). Endemic Fatalism and Why It Won’t Resolve COVID-19. Medical Humanities. https://blogs.bmj.com/medical-humanities/?p=3280
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Willett, J. D. S. (n.d.). Omicron: Vaccines remain the best defence against this COVID-19 variant and others. The Conversation. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from http://theconversation.com/omicron-vaccines-remain-the-best-defence-against-this-covid-19-variant-and-others-174195
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Gabriel Hébert-Mild™ ⓥ. (2022, January 17). Manaus, Brazil ⚠️ Hospitalizations—Herd immunity attempt #4665—What do you see? Https://t.co/aFwC2bTUk2 [Tweet]. @Gab_H_R. https://twitter.com/Gab_H_R/status/1483023177890643970
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- Jan 2022
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healthpolicy-watch.news healthpolicy-watch.news
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Backed By Science: Here’s How We Can Eliminate COVID-19 - Health Policy Watch. (2022, January 23). https://healthpolicy-watch.news/93258-2/
Tags
- mortality
- pandemic management
- COVID-19
- WHO
- temporary immune response
- equity
- prevention
- risk
- lang:en
- global solidarity
- strategy
- herd immunity
- is:webpage
- Omicron
- vaccine plus
- science
- protection
- global coordination
- attitudes
- variant
- natural infection
- immunity
- reinfection
- airborne transmission
- hospital
- vaccine
- elimination
Annotators
URL
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- Dec 2021
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Altmann, D. M., & Boyton, R. J. (2021). SARS-Cov-2 immune waning and reinfection in care-home settings. The Lancet. Healthy Longevity, 2(12), e776–e777. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00276-2
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www.latimes.com www.latimes.com
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Should the definition of “fully vaccinated” be changed to include a booster shot? (2021, December 11). Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-12-11/should-the-definition-of-fully-vaccinated-include-a-booster-shot
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- Nov 2021
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Castle, S., & Landler, M. (2021, November 24). A Claim of Herd Immunity Reignites Debate Over U.K. Covid Policy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/24/world/europe/uk-virus-herd-immunity.html
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Eliminating Covid-19 seemed theoretically possible, because the original 2002 SARS virus ultimately disappeared.
Eliminating SARS-CoV-2 was deemed plausible, because SARS-CoV-1 had been eliminated.
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usmail24.com usmail24.com
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‘Zero Covid absolutists’ accuse JCVI of being ‘anti-vax’ for considering herd immunity in children • USMAIL24. (2021, November 1). USMAIL24. https://usmail24.com/zero-covid-absolutists-accuse-jcvi-of-being-anti-vax-for-considering-herd-immunity-in-children/
Tags
- is:news
- children
- vaccine
- JCVI
- anti-vaxxer
- government
- COVID-19
- advisory
- vaccination
- natural infection
- natural immunity
- lang:en
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
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- Oct 2021
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Andersson, P., Västfjäll, D., & Tinghög, G. (2021). The effect of herd immunity thresholds on willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b2qx8
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Shaffer, C. (n.d.). Nearly every person in Iran seems to have had covid-19 at least once. New Scientist. Retrieved 21 October 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2294215-nearly-every-person-in-iran-seems-to-have-had-covid-19-at-least-once/
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blogs.bmj.com blogs.bmj.com
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Covid-19 vaccination in children, adolescents, and young adults: How can we ensure high vaccination uptake? - The BMJ. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/10/14/covid-19-vaccination-in-children-adolescents-and-young-adults-how-can-we-ensure-high-vaccination-uptake
Tags
- hospitalization
- infection rate
- adolescence
- anti-vaccine
- health threat
- vaccine hesitancy
- mortality
- government
- COVID-19
- vaccination uptake
- WHO
- lang:en
- herd immunity
- side effects
- transmission
- children
- UK
- NHS
- statistics
- protection
- young people
- is:blog
- risk perception
- public health authority
- safety
- vaccine
Annotators
URL
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- Sep 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2021, September 10). RT @devisridhar: Fascinating clip from Dr.Fauci where he says we should treat COVID like how we treat measles. Not flu. Https://t.co/6cQQeF… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1436333133268353030
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- Jul 2021
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Why are fully vaccinated people testing positive for Covid? | Financial Times. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28, 2021, from https://www.ft.com/content/0f11b219-0f1b-420e-8188-6651d1e749ff
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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What is behind the latest fall in cases of Covid across the UK? | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/26/what-is-behind-the-latest-fall-in-cases-of-covid-across-the-uk
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘I just had cause to revisit the Friston modelling paper from Sept: Https://t.co/QOTC8fXV0n 1/n’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1336277391233208320
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Seth Trueger. (2021, May 3). Https://t.co/mKCwcjQfe3 [Tweet]. @MDaware. https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1389244959757373441
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David Dowdy on Twitter: “One term I worry that we (as a public health community) have mis-messaged during the pandemic: ‘herd immunity threshold’ A non-technical thread on why this is not ‘% of the population that needs to be vaccinated for us to return to life as normal while eradicating COVID-19’... Https://t.co/5As4N9YV9N” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/davidwdowdy/status/1389791544425828357?s=20
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Jensen, U., Ayers, S., & Koskan, A. (2021). Video-based messages to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and nudge uptake. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/df9qw
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bylinetimes.com bylinetimes.com
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Government’s Mass Infection Plan pushed by Great Barrington Declaration Lobbying Effort to End COVID Protections – Byline Times. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2021, from https://bylinetimes.com/2021/07/08/governments-mass-infection-plan-pushed-by-great-barrington-declaration-lobbying-effort-to-end-covid-protections/
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Regev-Yochay, G., Amit, S., Bergwerk, M., Lipsitch, M., Leshem, E., Kahn, R., Lustig, Y., Cohen, C., Doolman, R., Ziv, A., Novikov, I., Rubin, C., Gimpelevich, I., Huppert, A., Rahav, G., Afek, A., & Kreiss, Y. (2021). Decreased infectivity following BNT162b2 vaccination: A prospective cohort study in Israel. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 7, 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100150
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californiasciencecenter.org californiasciencecenter.org
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California Science Center. ...“...If Vaccines Are Safe and Effective?” Accessed July 2, 2021. https://californiasciencecenter.org//funlab/ever-wonder/2021-05-26/if-vaccines-are-safe-and-effective.
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- Jun 2021
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vip.politicsmeanspolitics.com vip.politicsmeanspolitics.com
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Systematic gaslighting by dangerous ideologies. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2021, from https://vip.politicsmeanspolitics.com/2021/06/15/systematic-gaslighting-by-dangerous-ideologies/
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www.opendemocracy.net www.opendemocracy.net
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Tory billionaire bankrolled ‘herd immunity’ scientist who advised PM against lockdown | openDemocracy. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2021, from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/dark-money-investigations/tory-billionaire-bankrolled-herd-immunity-scientist-who-advised-pm-against-lockdown/
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papers.ssrn.com papers.ssrn.com
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Regev-Yochay, G., Amit, S., Bergwerk, M., Lipsitch, M., Leshem, E., Kahn, R., Lustig, Y., Cohen, C., Doolman, R., Ziv, A., Novikov, I., Rubin, C., Gimpelevich, I., Huppert, A., Rahav, G., Afek, A., & Kreiss, Y. (2021). Decreased Infectivity Following BNT162b2 Vaccination. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3815668
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stm.sciencemag.org stm.sciencemag.org
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Knock, E. S., Whittles, L. K., Lees, J. A., Perez-Guzman, P. N., Verity, R., FitzJohn, R. G., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Imai, N., Hinsley, W., Okell, L. C., Rosello, A., Kantas, N., Walters, C. E., Bhatia, S., Watson, O. J., Whittaker, C., Cattarino, L., Boonyasiri, A., Djaafara, B. A., … Baguelin, M. (2021). Key epidemiological drivers and impact of interventions in the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England. Science Translational Medicine, eabg4262. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg4262
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news.harvard.edu news.harvard.edu
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Vaccines should end the pandemic, despite the variants, say experts – Harvard Gazette. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2021, from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/02/vaccines-should-end-the-pandemic-despite-the-variants-say-experts/
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threadreaderapp.com threadreaderapp.com
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Schwarzinger, M., Watson, V., Arwidson, P., Alla, F., & Luchini, S. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a representative working-age population in France: A survey experiment based on vaccine characteristics. The Lancet Public Health, 6(4), e210–e221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00012-8
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Seth Trueger. (2021, May 3). This truly is the blurst of times https://t.co/cu02JsP4Mc [Tweet]. @MDaware. https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1389238925483560961
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Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Korn, L., & Holtmann, C. (2017). On the benefits of explaining herd immunity in vaccine advocacy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0056
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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A look at Prof Gowers’ herd immunity document sent to Dominic Cummings. (2021, May 28). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/a-look-at-prof-gowers-herd-immunity-document-sent-to-dominic-cummings
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lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com
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Crisis, L. F. T. (n.d.). Why was it so easy to fool the media on herd immunity? Retrieved 3 June 2021, from https://lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com/p/why-was-it-so-easy-to-fool-the-media
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- May 2021
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lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com
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It’s bizarre that this needs saying, but of course the UK had a Herd Immunity plan—Lessons From The Crisis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://lessonsfromthecrisis.substack.com/p/its-bizarre-that-this-needs-saying
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Sturgis, P., Brunton-Smith, I., & Jackson, J. (2021). Trust in science, social consensus and vaccine confidence. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01115-7
Tags
- epidemiology
- vaccine hesitancy
- immunization
- anti-vaxxer
- societal consensus
- COVID-19
- vaccination uptake
- behavioral science
- is:article
- vaccine acceptance
- lang:en
- trust
- herd immunity
- scientific trust
- science
- country-level differences
- social consensus
- vaccine confidence
- vaccine
- scepticism
Annotators
URL
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Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. “Will Waiving Vaccine Patents End ‘vaccine Nationalism?’ | DW | 06.05.2021.” DW.COM. Accessed May 14, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/will-waiving-vaccine-patents-end-vaccine-nationalism/a-57446939.
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get1give1worldwide.org get1give1worldwide.org
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Get1Give1 Worldwide: COVID-19 Vaccines for all. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://get1give1worldwide.org/
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Opinion | Our Pathetic Herd Immunity Failure—The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/06/opinion/herd-immunity-us.html
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www.usatoday.com www.usatoday.com
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Sweden’s COVID death toll is unnerving due to herd immunity experiment. (n.d.). Usatoday. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/21/coronavirus-swedish-herd-immunity-drove-up-death-toll-column/5472100002/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Geneva, S. and agencies in. (2020, October 12). WHO chief says herd immunity approach to pandemic “unethical.” The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/12/who-chief-says-herd-immunity-approach-to-pandemic-unethical
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www.wsj.com www.wsj.com
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Pancevski, B. (2020, December 6). Long a Holdout From Covid-19 Restrictions, Sweden Ends Its Pandemic Experiment. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/long-a-holdout-from-covid-19-restrictions-sweden-ends-its-pandemic-experiment-11607261658
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Covid One Year Ago. (2021, March 5). Modelling assumes that suppression measures can be sustained for a maximum of 3-4 months, so introducing early ’lockdown’-style measures to stop the disease is judged likely to lead only to a more deadly resurgence later on when they are lifted https://t.co/QRxgRj3jW3 https://t.co/pbqTAVGDfG [Tweet]. @YearCovid. https://twitter.com/YearCovid/status/1367778417437929472
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Mandavilli, A. (2021, May 3). Reaching ‘Herd Immunity’ Is Unlikely in the U.S., Experts Now Believe. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/03/health/covid-herd-immunity-vaccine.html
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- Apr 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “There is a Twitter account for the Great Barrington Declaration. It is totally silent on what is presently unfolding in India. Is it really possible to watch the surge there and in Brazil and not feel challenged in your beliefs about herd immunity? For otherwise smart people?” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1384794607997890560
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www.sciencemediacentre.org www.sciencemediacentre.org
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‘Expert Reaction to Non-Peer Reviewed Modelling Presented on a Dashboard Suggesting That “a Herd Immunity Threshold (of 73.4%) Will Be Reached This Week on 9 April 2021” | Science Media Centre’. Accessed 12 April 2021. https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-non-peer-reviewed-modelling-presented-on-a-dashboard-suggesting-that-a-herd-immunity-threshold-of-73-4-will-be-reached-this-week-on-9-april-2021/.
Tags
- infection
- disease
- variants
- vaccine
- immunization
- effectiveness
- R value
- COVID-19
- immunity
- is:article
- lang:en
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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UCL team’s claim that herd immunity set to be achieved in UK disputed | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/09/ucl-team-claim-covid-19-herd-immunity-achieved-uk-disputed-scientists
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Covid: Red states vaccinating at lower rate than blue states—CNNPolitics. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/10/politics/vaccinations-state-analysis/
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- Mar 2021
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covid-19.iza.org covid-19.iza.org
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Decerf, B., Ferreira, F. H. G., Mahler, D. G., & Sterck, O. (2020). Lives and Livelihoods: Estimates of the Global Mortality and Poverty Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. IZA Discussion Paper, 13549.
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Di Lauro, F., Berthouze, L., Dorey, M. D., Miller, J. C., & Kiss, I. Z. (2020). The impact of network properties and mixing on control measures and disease-induced herd immunity in epidemic models: A mean-field model perspective. ArXiv:2007.06975 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.06975
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Korn, L. (2013). Inviting free-riders or appealing to prosocial behavior? Game-theoretical reflections on communicating herd immunity in vaccine advocacy. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 32(9), 978–985. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031590
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Graham, B. S. (2020). Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development. Science, 368(6494), 945–946. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8923
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elemental.medium.com elemental.medium.com
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Britt, Robert Roy. ‘10 Signs the Pandemic Is About to Get Much Worse’. Medium, 19 October 2020. https://elemental.medium.com/10-signs-the-pandemic-is-about-to-get-much-worse-cf261bf3885d.
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www.axios.com www.axios.com
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Chen, Shawna. ‘Biden Administration to Offer $250 Million in Grants to Help Address COVID Response Inequities’. Axios. Accessed 10 March 2021. https://www.axios.com/covid-inequities-biden-250-million-grants-faf391fc-53e5-409b-94c8-894426108d05.html.
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Phillips, N. (2021). The coronavirus is here to stay—Here’s what that means. Nature, 590(7846), 382–384. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00396-2
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Chevallier, Coralie, Anne-Sophie Hacquin, and Hugo Mercier. ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Shortening the Last Mile’. PsyArXiv, 3 March 2021. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xchj6.
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Nikiforuk, A. (2020, October 28). ‘Herd Immunity’ Is an Inviting Idea but Terrible Policy. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2020/10/28/Herd-Immunity-Inviting-Idea-Terrible-Policy/?utm_source=weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=021120
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Silas, J., Jones, A., Weiss-Cohen, L., & Ayton, P. (2021, March 9). The seductive allure of technical language and the effect on covid-19 vaccine intentions. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4kb6v
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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D’Ancona, F., D’Amario, C., Maraglino, F., Rezza, G., & Iannazzo, S. (2019). The law on compulsory vaccination in Italy: An update 2 years after the introduction. Eurosurveillance, 24(26). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.26.1900371
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Plans-Rubió, P. (2012). The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses. Preventive Medicine, 55(1), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Stefan Simanowitz. (2020, November 14). “Sweden hoped herd immunity would curb #COVID19. Don’t do what we did” write 25 leading Swedish scientists “Sweden’s approach to COVID has led to death, grief & suffering. The only example we’re setting is how not to deal with a deadly infectious disease” https://t.co/azOg6AxSYH https://t.co/u2IqU5iwEn [Tweet]. @StefSimanowitz. https://twitter.com/StefSimanowitz/status/1327670787617198087
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www.usatoday.com www.usatoday.com
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Sweden’s COVID death toll is unnerving due to herd immunity experiment. (n.d.). Retrieved March 4, 2021, from https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/07/21/coronavirus-swedish-herd-immunity-drove-up-death-toll-column/5472100002/
Tags
- modeling
- social distancing
- Sweden
- mortality
- research
- government
- COVID-19
- WHO
- lang:en
- herd immunity
- transmission
- pandemic
- statistics
- plot
- is:blog
- policy
Annotators
URL
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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JAMA Network. (2020, November 6). Herd Immunity as a Coronavirus Pandemic Strategy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tsUTAWBJ9M
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Kenneth Fordyce. (2020, November 3). @devisridhar @georgeeaton Yet another article packed full of wise words: E.g., ‘in some ways, the people pushing for “herd immunity” are forcing us into these lockdown-release cycles because you end up in a reactive position by underestimating the spread of the virus and the hospitalisation rate’ [Tweet]. @FordyceKenneth. https://twitter.com/FordyceKenneth/status/1323544552112852992
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- Feb 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Youyang Gu. (2021, February 24). When can we return to normal? Forget about ‘herd immunity’. Below is my estimate for the number of susceptible individuals over time, as a proportion of the US population. Looking at this graph, what is the best point to go back to normal? Christmas? Fall? Or Summer? 🧵 https://t.co/V4uiFk5YcP [Tweet]. @youyanggu. https://twitter.com/youyanggu/status/1364627872233750543
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Hyde, Z. (n.d.). Herd immunity is the end game for the pandemic, but the AstraZeneca vaccine won’t get us there. The Conversation. Retrieved 24 February 2021, from http://theconversation.com/herd-immunity-is-the-end-game-for-the-pandemic-but-the-astrazeneca-vaccine-wont-get-us-there-155115
Tags
- is:news
- Australia
- population
- efficacy
- government
- COVID-19
- vaccination
- lang:en
- high risk
- dose
- strategy
- herd immunity
- pandemic
- immunity
- policy
- vaccine
- outbreak
Annotators
URL
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Yale SOM. (2020, October 27). Herd immunity is the end goal of developing a vaccine, @thehowie explains. But when government officials talk about relying on “herd immunity” as a strategy for slowing or stopping the Covid-19 pandemic without a vaccine, it’s a more dangerous approach. Https://t.co/aJ8VXos7zh [Tweet]. @YaleSOM. https://twitter.com/YaleSOM/status/1321150247503101956
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Alex Wickham. (2021, January 5). The experts have now changed their minds on testing arrivals, masks, mass gatherings, mass testing, herd immunity... Https://t.co/hjVKVzD4Dc [Tweet]. @alexwickham. https://twitter.com/alexwickham/status/1346363554207698944
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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magazine, C. A., Nature. (n.d.). COVID-19 Herd Immunity Strategies Could Bring ‘Untold Death and Suffering’ Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2021, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/covid-19-herd-immunity-strategies-could-bring-untold-death-and-suffering/
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www.thearticle.com www.thearticle.com
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Herd immunity: A zombie idea and a lethal strategy. (2021, January 21). TheArticle. https://www.thearticle.com/herd-immunity-a-zombie-idea-and-a-lethal-strategy
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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It’s Okay To Be Smart. (2021, February 4). Visualizing Herd Immunity (with 500 Mousetraps!) (feat. @The Slow Mo Guys). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Et_J8_x4qBs&feature=youtu.be
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sebastianrushworth.com sebastianrushworth.com
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Here’s a graph they don’t want you to see. (2021, January 25). Sebastian Rushworth M.D. https://sebastianrushworth.com/2021/01/25/heres-a-graph-they-dont-want-you-to-see/
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medium.com medium.com
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Makulec, A. (2021, February 1). Demystifying Vaccination Metrics. Medium. https://medium.com/nightingale/demystifying-vaccination-metrics-cd0a29251dd2
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Moore, S., Hill, E. M., Tildesley, M. J., Dyson, L., & Keeling, M. J. (2021). Vaccination and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions: When can the UK relax about COVID-19? MedRxiv, 2020.12.27.20248896. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.27.20248896
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Loomba, S., de Figueiredo, A., Piatek, S. J., de Graaf, K., & Larson, H. J. (2021). Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nature Human Behaviour, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1
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- Jan 2021
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What is vaccine hesitancy and why do so many people have it? (n.d.). Vogue India. Retrieved 13 January 2021, from https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/what-is-vaccine-hesitancy-and-why-do-so-many-people-have-it
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- Dec 2020
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www.economist.com www.economist.com
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Katy Milkman on how to nudge people to accept a covid-19 vaccine. (2020, November 30). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2020/11/30/katy-milkman-on-how-to-nudge-people-to-accept-a-covid-19-vaccine
Tags
- is:news
- action
- opinion
- economy
- encouragement
- population
- COVID-19
- lang:en
- immunised
- behavioral science
- acceptance
- vaccine
- behavior
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
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insights.som.yale.edu insights.som.yale.edu
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Forman. H. P. Three Questions about COVID-19 Infection and Immunity. Yale Insights. Retrieved from: https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/three-questions-about-covid-19-infection-and-immunity?utm_source=YaleToday&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=YT_YaleToday-Staff_9-3-2020
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www.imperial.ac.uk www.imperial.ac.uk
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Three quarters of Brazilian Amazon have been infected with COVID-19 since March | Imperial News | Imperial College London. (n.d.). Imperial News. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/210273/76-brazilian-amazon-have-been-infected/
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- Nov 2020
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sebastianrushworth.com sebastianrushworth.com
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The Swedish Public Health authority has never admitted that the goal of their chosen strategy is to reach herd immunity. However, from an epidemiological stand point, all strategies depend on reaching herd immunity in one way or another. A vaccination based strategy also builds on getting to herd immunity, it just chooses a different way to reach it. At some point in the relatively near future, every country on Earth will have developed herd immunity to covid, either by letting the disease spread until that point is reached, or by vaccinating enough people to reach that point.
All pandemic strategies end up reaching herd immunity.
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- Oct 2020
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www.idsociety.org www.idsociety.org
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“Herd Immunity” is Not an Answer to a Pandemic. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2020, from https://www.idsociety.org/news--publications-new/articles/2020/herd-immunity-is-not-an-answer-to-a-pandemic/
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Lawton, G. (n.d.). It is bad science to say covid-19 infections will create herd immunity. New Scientist. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2257258-it-is-bad-science-to-say-covid-19-infections-will-create-herd-immunity/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Ending Covid-19 via herd immunity is “a dangerous fallacy.” (2020, October 14). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/14/ending-covid-19-via-herd-immunity-is-a-dangerous-fallacy
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The working class must utilize the next four weeks and beyond to unify and coordinate its struggles against the ruling class’s policy of “herd immunity,” social devastation, war, police violence and authoritarianism into an independent and revolutionary movement for socialism.
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bylinetimes.com bylinetimes.com
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Times info@bylinetimes.com (https://bylinetimes.com/), B. (2020, October 9). Climate Science Denial Network Behind Great Barrington Declaration. Byline Times. https://bylinetimes.com/2020/10/09/climate-science-denial-network-behind-great-barrington-declaration/
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medium.com medium.com
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Feldman, J. (2020, October 11). The “herd immunity strategy” isn’t part of a scientific debate about COVID-19. Medium. https://medium.com/@jmfeldman/the-herd-immunity-strategy-isnt-part-of-a-scientific-debate-about-covid-19-abddf6bc7c13
Tags
- politics
- epidemiology
- opinion
- accountability
- campaign
- debate
- discussion
- COVID-19
- agenda
- is:blog
- policy
- lang:en
- strategy
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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The anti-lockdown scientists’ cause would be more persuasive if it weren’t so half-baked | Sonia Sodha. (2020, October 11). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/oct/11/the-rebel-scientists-cause-would-be-more-persuasive-if-it-werent-so-half-baked
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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VogelOct. 6, G., 2020, & Pm, 4:35. (2020, October 6). ‘It’s been so, so surreal.’ Critics of Sweden’s lax pandemic policies face fierce backlash. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/it-s-been-so-so-surreal-critics-sweden-s-lax-pandemic-policies-face-fierce-backlash
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www.wired.co.uk www.wired.co.uk
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Reynolds, M. (2020, October 7). There is no ‘scientific divide’ over herd immunity. Wired UK. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/great-barrington-declaration-herd-immunity-scientific-divide
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Pfattheicher, Stefan, Michael Bang Petersen, and Robert Böhm. ‘Information about Herd Immunity and Empathy Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions’, 30 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wzu6k.
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- Sep 2020
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CNN, A. K. (n.d.). Fewer than 10% in the US have antibodies to the novel coronavirus. CNN. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/25/health/coronavirus-antibodies-dialysis-patients/index.html
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Cookson, C. (2020, March 24). Coronavirus may have infected half of UK population—Oxford study. https://www.ft.com/content/5ff6469a-6dd8-11ea-89df-41bea055720b
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bylinetimes.com bylinetimes.com
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Times info@bylinetimes.com (https://bylinetimes.com/), B. (2020, September 23). Scamademics? Right-Wing Lobbying Groups Reviving ‘Herd Immunity’ in the UK. Byline Times. https://bylinetimes.com/2020/09/23/scamademics-right-wing-lobbying-groups-reviving-herd-immunity-in-the-uk/
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www.sciencenews.org www.sciencenews.org
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A Brazilian city devastated by COVID-19 may have reached herd immunity. (2020, September 24). Science News. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-19-brazil-city-manaus-herd-immunity
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Pausal Živference on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://twitter.com/PausalZ/status/1309208611265093632
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Jones, D., & Helmreich, S. (2020). A history of herd immunity. The Lancet, 396(10254), 810–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31924-3
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www.scotsman.com www.scotsman.com
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Beware comforting lies about a “herd immunity” Covid-19 strategy. Here’s why it’s dangerous – Professor Devi Sridhar. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/covid-19-herd-immunity-strategy-flawed-until-we-have-coronavirus-vaccine-professor-devi-sridhar-2981017
Tags
- is:news
- epidemiology
- antibody
- vaccine
- protection
- prediction
- COVID-19
- government response
- uncertainty
- safety
- lang:en
- strategy
- herd immunity
Annotators
URL
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Doshi, P. (2020). Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? BMJ, 370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3563
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www.rsm.ac.uk www.rsm.ac.uk
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Covid-19: Herd immunity in Sweden fails to materialise | The Royal Society of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved September 18, 2020, from https://www.rsm.ac.uk/media-releases/2020/covid-19-herd-immunity-in-sweden-fails-to-materialise/
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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ACTUAL DOCTOR WATCHES COVID PSEUDOSCIENCE VIDEO. (2020, September 15). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUDg5ossirU&feature=youtu.be
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www.mayoclinic.org www.mayoclinic.org
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Herd immunity and COVID-19 (coronavirus): What you need to know. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved September 18, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808
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Duquette, N. (2020). Heard immunity: Effective persuasion for a future COVID-19 vaccine. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jwvsp
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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Lewis, T. (n.d.). Nine COVID-19 Myths That Just Won’t Go Away. Scientific American. Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nine-covid-19-myths-that-just-wont-go-away/
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Miyoshi, S., Jusup, M., & Holme, P. (2020). Flexible imitation mechanisms suppress epidemics through better vaccination. ArXiv:2009.00443 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.00443
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- Aug 2020
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Horton, R. (2020). Offline: A novel solution to live with coronavirus. The Lancet, 395(10241), 1894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31416-1
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Karl Friston: Up to 80% not even susceptible to Covid-19. (2020, June 4). UnHerd. https://unherd.com/2020/06/karl-friston-up-to-80-not-even-susceptible-to-covid-19/
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Mandavilli, A. (2020, August 17). What if ‘Herd Immunity’ Is Closer Than Scientists Thought? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/health/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “@ErikAngner 2/2 1. mandatory schooling (where there exemptions for immune-compromised parents?) 2. encouraging household members of infected individuals to go to work/school Could you provide more background here and how you see these policies in the wider context?” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved August 18, 2020, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1295685503111647232
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Henley, J. (2020, August 17). Sweden’s Covid-19 strategist under fire over herd immunity emails. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/17/swedens-covid-19-strategist-under-fire-over-herd-immunity-emails
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Bisin, A., & Moro, A. (2020). Learning Epidemiology by Doing: The Empirical Implications of a Spatial-SIR Model with Behavioral Responses (Working Paper No. 27590; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27590
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Aguas, R., Corder, R. M., King, J. G., Goncalves, G., Ferreira, M. U., & Gomes, M. G. M. (2020). Herd immunity thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 estimated from unfolding epidemics. MedRxiv, 2020.07.23.20160762. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20160762
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debunkingdenialism.com debunkingdenialism.com
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Sweden Did Not Take Herd Immunity Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemic. (2020, July 29). Debunking Denialism. https://debunkingdenialism.com/2020/07/29/sweden-did-not-take-herd-immunity-approach-against-coronavirus-pandemic/
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- Jul 2020
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www.nber.org www.nber.org
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Fernández-Villaverde, J., & Jones, C. I. (2020). Estimating and Simulating a SIRD Model of COVID-19 for Many Countries, States, and Cities (Working Paper No. 27128; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27128
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Ellison, G. (2020). Implications of Heterogeneous SIR Models for Analyses of COVID-19 (Working Paper No. 27373; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27373
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Ackerly, D. C. (2020, July 12). My patient caught Covid-19 twice. So long to herd immunity hopes? Vox. https://www.vox.com/2020/7/12/21321653/getting-covid-19-twice-reinfection-antibody-herd-immunity
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www.newsweek.com www.newsweek.com
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EDT, Bryan Kirk On 7/17/20 at 12:49 PM. ‘Parents Consider “COVID Mixers” to Infect Healthy Children and Build Herd Immunity’. Newsweek, 17 July 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/parents-mull-covid-mixers-infect-healthy-children-build-herd-1518661.
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Fontanet, A., Tondeur, L., Madec, Y., Grant, R., Besombes, C., Jolly, N., Pellerin, S. F., Ungeheuer, M.-N., Cailleau, I., Kuhmel, L., Temmam, S., Huon, C., Chen, K.-Y., Crescenzo, B., Munier, S., Demeret, C., Grzelak, L., Staropoli, I., Bruel, T., … Hoen, B. (2020). Cluster of COVID-19 in northern France: A retrospective closed cohort study. MedRxiv, 2020.04.18.20071134. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.18.20071134
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- Jun 2020
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twitter.com twitter.com
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A Marm Kilpatrick on Twitter: “What is #herdimmunity threshold for #COVID19? A topic of much discussion due to large uncertainty & huge consequences for long term impact. New paper illustrates 1 key aspect that can reduce it substantially (spoiler: we still don’t know value). Thread. https://t.co/Sgrg1yrlOq” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://twitter.com/diseaseecology/status/1275595167936868352
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Gomes, M. G. M., Corder, R. M., King, J. G., Langwig, K. E., Souto-Maior, C., Carneiro, J., Goncalves, G., Penha-Goncalves, C., Ferreira, M. U., & Aguas, R. (2020). Individual variation in susceptibility or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 lowers the herd immunity threshold. MedRxiv, 2020.04.27.20081893. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.20081893
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Britton, T., Ball, F., & Trapman, P. (2020). A mathematical model reveals the influence of population heterogeneity on herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6810
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Hamzelou, J. (2020, June 17). How many of us are likely to have caught the coronavirus so far? New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24632873-000-how-many-of-us-are-likely-to-have-caught-the-coronavirus-so-far/
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Okell, L. C., Verity, R., Watson, O. J., Mishra, S., Walker, P., Whittaker, C., Katzourakis, A., Donnelly, C. A., Riley, S., Ghani, A. C., Gandy, A., Flaxman, S., Ferguson, N. M., & Bhatt, S. (2020). Have deaths from COVID-19 in Europe plateaued due to herd immunity? The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31357-X
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Pueyo, T. (2020, June 12). Coronavirus: Should We Aim for Herd Immunity Like Sweden? Medium. https://medium.com/@tomaspueyo/coronavirus-should-we-aim-for-herd-immunity-like-sweden-b1de3348e88b
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Ben de Pear on Twitter: “Almost all scientists briefing on background disagreed fundamentally with herd immunity & the lockdown delay; but almost none in a senior position would go on the record. Many who disagreed privately towed the line in public. Unravelling this dysfunction can’t happen quick enough” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from https://twitter.com/bendepear/status/1254007382620995584
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www.propublica.org www.propublica.org
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Chen, C. (2020, April 28). What Antibody Studies Can Tell You—And More Importantly, What They Can’t. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/what-antibody-studies-can-tell-you-and-more-importantly-what-they-cant
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Sridhar, D. (2020, March 15). Britain goes it alone over coronavirus. We can only hope the gamble pays off | Devi Sridhar. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/15/britain-goes-it-alone-over-coronavirus-we-can-only-hope-the-gamble-pays-off
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arxiv.org arxiv.org
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Friston, K. J., Parr, T., Zeidman, P., Razi, A., Flandin, G., Daunizeau, J., Hulme, O. J., Billig, A. J., Litvak, V., Moran, R. J., Price, C. J., & Lambert, C. (2020). Dynamic causal modelling of COVID-19. ArXiv:2004.04463 [q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04463
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www.thelancet.com www.thelancet.com
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Tian, H., & Bjornstad, O. N. (2020). Population serology for SARS-CoV-2 is essential to regional and global preparedness. The Lancet Microbe, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30055-0
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Ahlander, J. & Pollard, N. (2020, May 20). Swedish antibody study shows long road to immunity as COVID-19 toll mounts. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-sweden-strategy-idUSKBN22W2YC
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Popovich, Nadja, and Margot Sanger-Katz. “The World Is Still Far From Herd Immunity for Coronavirus.” The New York Times, May 28, 2020, sec. The Upshot. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/28/upshot/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html.
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- May 2020
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www.prospectmagazine.co.uk www.prospectmagazine.co.uk
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Rusbridger, Alan. ‘Sage Coronavirus Expert: We’ve Had an Epidemic That to Some Degree Could Have Been Avoided’. Accessed 29 May 2020. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/science-and-technology/alan-rusbridger-sage-jeremy-farrar-covid-19-coronavirus-dominic-cummings-herd-immunity.
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www.imperial.ac.uk www.imperial.ac.uk
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New report models Italy’s potential exit strategy from COVID-19 lockdown (2020 May 05). Imperial News | Imperial College London. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/189351/new-report-models-italys-potential-exit/
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www.sciencemediacentre.org www.sciencemediacentre.org
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Expert comments about herd immunity | Science Media Centre. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-comments-about-herd-immunity/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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editor, S. B. H. (2020, April 20). WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to Covid-19. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/20/studies-suggest-very-few-have-had-covid-19-without-symptoms
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Bergstrom, C. T., & Dean, N. (2020, May 1). Opinion | What the Proponents of ‘Natural’ Herd Immunity Don’t Say. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/01/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
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- Apr 2020
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science.sciencemag.org science.sciencemag.org
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Kissler, S. M., Tedijanto, C., Goldstein, E., Grad, Y. H., & Lipsitch, M. (2020). Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science, eabb5793. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793
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- Mar 2017
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nfnh2017.scholar.bucknell.edu nfnh2017.scholar.bucknell.edu
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Porcupine caribou herd
The Porcupine caribou herd is one of the largest migratory barren-ground caribou herds found in North America. The range of the herd spans over 250,000 square kilometers in the northern tundra. In the spring, the herd migrates between Alaska and Yukon’s arctic coast. In the winter, the herd ventures into Yukon’s Ogilvie Mountains. Although the majority of the land in the range of the herd is undeveloped, there are certain key areas which have been industrialized. Oil and gas exploration in the Eagle Plains basin interrupts the winter range of the Porcupine caribou herd. Also affecting the herd’s winter range are the Dempster Highway and mineral exploration in the Peel River watershed. The Dempster Highway connects Inuvik to Dawson City (Porcupine Caribou Management Board).
Regarding population size of the Porcupine caribou herd, according to the Arctic journal, “migratory wild reindeer and caribou numbers have dropped by about one-third since populations peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s”. There are natural periods of abundance and scarcity among migratory tundra caribou herds. These increases and decreases in population size are likely results of “continental climate switches” (Gunn et al. 2009, iii). Since the first population survey in the early 1970s, the Porcupine Caribou Management Board has conducted a survey every two years and reports that the population size has fluctuated between 100,000 and 200,000 animals (Porcupine Caribou Management Board). A detailed graph estimating the size of the population of the Porcupine caribou herd is shown below.
For further information, please consider the following link to The Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB) webpage: http://www.pcmb.ca/.
References
Gunn, Anne, Don Russell, Robert G. White, and Gary Kofinas. "Facing a Future of Change: Wild Migratory Caribou and Reindeer." Arctic 62, no. 3 (2009): Iii-Vi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40513303.
Porcupine Caribou Management Board. "The Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB)." Porcupine Caribou Management Board. Accessed March 08, 2017. http://www.pcmb.ca/.
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Bluenose caribou herd
Many of the same concerns regarding the well-being of the Bluenose caribou herd in the Berger Inquiry are still being discussed today due to continued industrial exploration, specifically regarding oil and gas, in the Northwest Territories and the Arctic. Since oil and gas are still valued resources in our current societies, exploration continues in the North, as described by Anne Dunn and her colleagues in the 2009 Arctic publication. These concerns include changes of habitat due to the introduction or industrial development such as roads, oilfields, mines, etc. The attraction of job opportunity to areas surrounding the Bluenose caribou herd could potentially cause an increase in demand of caribou meat. Increased income as a result of employment for industrial exploration allows for the advancement of hunting methods regarding the locating of caribou and utilization of year-round roads implemented originally for industrial exploration. The concerns regarding the Bluenose East and Bluenose West caribou herds of the Northwest Territories result specifically from oil and gas exploration (Gunn et al. 2009, iii).
Besides industrial exploration, there are concerns about the population and survival of the Bluenose caribou herd surrounding climate trends. Specifically, warmer temperatures will affect the environmental conditions in which the caribou rely on for sustenance. An increased temperature in the wintertime could correspond to more freeze-thaw cycles (Gunn et al. 2009, iii).
Regarding population size, according to the Arctic journal, “migratory wild reindeer and caribou numbers have dropped by about one-third since populations peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s”. There are natural periods of abundance and scarcity among migratory tundra caribou herds. These increases and decreases in population size are likely results of “continental climate switches” (Gunn et al. 2009, iii). According to the Northwest Territories Environment and Natural Resources division, the Bluenose West caribou herd was estimated to have population of 112,000 in 1992. In 2015, its population was estimated to be approximately 15,000. The Bluenose East caribou herd was estimated to have a population of 104,000 in 2000. In 2015, its population was estimated to be between 35,000 and 40,000 (Northwest Territories).
References
Gunn, Anne, Don Russell, Robert G. White, and Gary<br> Kofinas. "Facing a Future of Change: Wild<br> Migratory Caribou and Reindeer." Arctic 62, no. 3 (2009): Iii-Vi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40513303.
Northwest Territories: Environment and Natural Resources. "Barren-ground Caribou: Northern Herds." Environment and Natural Resources. Accessed March 08, 2017. http://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/node/2979.
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- Nov 2013
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caseyboyle.net caseyboyle.net
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Thus, to express it morally, this is the duty to lie according to a fixed convention, to lie with the herd and in a manner binding upon everyone.
The duty to lie.
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