Researchers: Nearly Half Of Accounts Tweeting About Coronavirus Are Likely Bots. (2020, May 20). NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/20/859814085/researchers-nearly-half-of-accounts-tweeting-about-coronavirus-are-likely-bots

Kazemi, D. (2020, May 23). "NPR is promoting this article again. Without access to the study we have no way of knowing how "bot" was estimated or measured, we simply have to go on the reputation and past research of this lab, which I dug into last night here: https://twitter.com/tinysubversion..." Twitter. https://twitter.com/tinysubversions/status/1263965246416318465

Bergstrom, C. T. (2020, June 14). "1. Another day, another blog post of #COVID19 misinformation making the rounds." Twitter. https://twitter.com/CT_Bergstrom/status/1272007583222513664

☣️ Michael Ç̸̠͎͉̹̼̠͔̗̓̐̐̓̓̀͝͝. Bazaco ☣️ on Twitter: “The amount of experts who used to cry foul about people acting like experts in their field that have now chased the COVID story pretending to be virologists, ID epidemiologists, ID physicians, and/or infection control specialists to try and brand build is creepy and ghoulish. 😑” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://twitter.com/mcbazacophd/status/1271597829065187328

Velásquez, N., Leahy, R., Restrepo, N. J., Lupu, Y., Sear, R., Gabriel, N., Jha, O., Goldberg, B., & Johnson, N. F. (2020). Hate multiverse spreads malicious COVID-19 content online beyond individual platform control. ArXiv:2004.00673 [Nlin, Physics:Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.00673

Ziems, C., He, B., Soni, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). Racism is a Virus: Anti-Asian Hate and Counterhate in Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis. ArXiv:2005.12423 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.12423

Brashier, N. M., & Schacter, D. L. (2020). Aging in an Era of Fake News. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 0963721420915872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420915872

Yaqub, W., Kakhidze, O., Brockman, M. L., Memon, N., & Patil, S. (2020). Effects of Credibility Indicators on Social Media News Sharing Intent. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376213

Altay, S., de Araujo, E., & Mercier, H. (2020, June 4). “If this account is true, it is most enormously wonderful”: Interestingness-if-true and the sharing of true and false news.

Journal of Computational Social Science. Springer. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from https://www.springer.com/journal/42001/updates/17993070

President’s Reaction to Twitter Fact Check Is ‘Slapped Together,’ Says Stanford’s DiResta. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 June 2020, from https://sg.news.yahoo.com/presidents-reaction-twitter-fact-check-231129841.html

Haelle, T. (2020, May 8). Why It’s Important To Push Back On ‘Plandemic’—And How To Do It. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2020/05/08/why-its-important-to-push-back-on-plandemic-and-how-to-do-it/

Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2020). Echo Chambers on Social Media: A comparative analysis. ArXiv:2004.09603 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09603

Earnshaw, V. A., & Katz, I. T. (2020). Educate, Amplify, and Focus to Address COVID-19 Misinformation. JAMA Health Forum, 1(4), e200460–e200460. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0460

Jamieson, K. H., & Albarracín, D. (2020). The Relation between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in the US. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-012

Stokes, D. C., Andy, A., Guntuku, S. C., Ungar, L. H., & Merchant, R. M. (2020). Public Priorities and Concerns Regarding COVID-19 in an Online Discussion Forum: Longitudinal Topic Modeling. Journal of General Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05889-w

Young, V. A. (2020, May 20). Nearly Half Of The Twitter Accounts Discussing ‘Reopening America’ May Be Bots. Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. https://www.scs.cmu.edu/news/nearly-half-twitter-accounts-discussing-%E2%80%98reopening-america%E2%80%99-may-be-bots

Why We Fall Prey to Misinformation. (n.d.). Association for Psychological Science - APS. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/why-we-fall-prey-to-misinformation.html

COVID-19 Medical Misinformation Policy—YouTube Help. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9891785?hl=en#annotations:53lvgpt_EeqmRf84xl6gxA

Cook, J., & Lewandowsky, S. (n.d.). Coronavirus conspiracy theories are dangerous – here’s how to stop them spreading. The Conversation. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-are-dangerous-heres-how-to-stop-them-spreading-136564

Lobato, E. J. C., Powell, M., Padilla, L., & Holbrook, C. (2020). Factors Predicting Willingness to Share COVID-19 Misinformation. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r4p5z

Warzel, C. (2020, April 3). Opinion | What We Pretend to Know About the Coronavirus Could Kill Us. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

Ruggeri, K., Linden, S., Wang, C., Papa, F., Riesch, J., & Green, J. (2020, May 7). Standards for evidence in policy decision-making. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fjwvk

Samuel, J.; Ali, G.G.M.N.; Rahman, M.M.; Esawi, E.; Samuel, Y. COVID-19 Public Sentiment Insights and Machine Learning for Tweets Classification. Preprints 2020, 2020050015 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202005.0015.v1)

Pastor-Escuredo, D., & Tarazona, C. (2020). Characterizing information leaders in Twitter during COVID-19 crisis. ArXiv:2005.07266 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07266

Bode, L., & Vraga, E. (2020 May 7). Analysis | Americans are fighting coronavirus misinformation on social media. Washington Post.https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/07/americans-are-fighting-coronavirus-misinformation-social-media/

Kirby, T. (2020). South America prepares for the impact of COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, S2213260020302186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30218-6

Bajak, A., & Howe, J. (2020, May 14). Opinion | A Study Said Covid Wasn’t That Deadly. The Right Seized It. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/opinion/coronavirus-research-misinformation.html

Porter, E. & Wood. T.J. (2020 May 14). Why is Facebook so afraid of checking facts? Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/why-is-facebook-so-afraid-of-checking-facts/

Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J., & Lazer, D. (2020, May 15). Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ba2kc

Krause, N. M., Freiling, I., Beets, B., & Brossard, D. (2020). Fact-checking as risk communication: The multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19. Journal of Risk Research, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385

We’re Less Likely To Spread Alarming Information While Experiencing Physiological Stress. (2020, May 26). Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2020/05/26/were-less-likely-to-spread-alarming-information-while-experiencing-physiological-stress/

Fränken, J.-P., & Pilditch, T. (2020). Cascades across networks are sufficient for the formation of echo chambers: An agent-based model. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8rgkc

Expert Reaction

Expert Reaction

Carl T. Bergstrom on Twitter

John Burn-Murdoch on Twitter

Fox32Chicago. (2020 May 14). Chicago doctors come together to dispel misinformation, advise officials on pandemic. https://www.fox32chicago.com/video/684221

Lawson, A., & Kakkar, H. (2020, May 19). Of Pandemics, Politics, and Personality: The Role of Conscientiousness and Political Ideology in Sharing of Fake News. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ves5m

Ball, P. (2020). Anti-vaccine movement could undermine efforts to end coronavirus pandemic, researchers warn. Nature, 581(7808), 251–251. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01423-4

Zadrozny, B. (2020 May 14). One in four popular YouTube coronavirus videos contain misinformation, study finds. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-05-13-coronavirus-news-n1205916/ncrd1206486#blogHeader

@DFRLab. (2020, May 14). Op-Ed: The criminalization of COVID-19 clicks and conspiracies. Medium. https://medium.com/dfrlab/op-ed-the-criminalization-of-covid-19-clicks-and-conspiracies-3af077f5a7e7

Johnson, N.F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N.J. et al. The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views. Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1

Lakens, D. (2020). Pandemic researchers—Recruit your own best critics. Nature, 581(7807), 121–121. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01392-8

Roko Mijic - Twitter

Nekmat, E. & Yue, A. (2020 May 01)How to fight the spread of COVID-19 disinformation. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-to-fight-the-covid-19-infodemic-lessons-from-3-asian-countries/

Smelter, T. J., & Calvillo, D. P. (2020). Pictures and repeated exposure increase perceived accuracy of news headlines. Applied Cognitive Psychology, acp.3684. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3684

r/BehSciResearch—Emerging research on and resources about COVID-19 misinformation? (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciResearch/comments/fs7xqf/emerging_research_on_and_resources_about_covid19/

Hasan, M. T. (2020, April 25). Addressing the COVID-19 related stigma and discrimination: a fight against infodemic in Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qpbj7

Swan, B. W. (n.d.). State report: Russian, Chinese and Iranian disinformation narratives echo one another. POLITICO. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/21/russia-china-iran-disinformation-coronavirus-state-department-193107

Ricard, J., & Medeiros, J. (2020). Using Misinformation as a political weapon: COVID-19 and Bolsonaro in Brazil. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-013

Nsoesie, E. O., & Oladeji, O. (2020). Identifying patterns to prevent the spread of misinformation during epidemics. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, COVID-19 and Misinformation. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-014

Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Funchion, J., Everett, C., Wuchty, S., Premaratne, K., & Murthi, M. (2020). Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(COVID-19 and Misinformation). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-015

Epstein, Z., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. (2020). Will the Crowd Game the Algorithm? Using Layperson Judgments to Combat Misinformation on Social Media by Downranking Distrusted Sources. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376232

Dias, N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-001

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020). Can Corrections Spread Misinformation to New Audiences? Testing for the Elusive Familiarity Backfire Effect [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qrm69

Leitner, S. (2020, April 18). On the dynamics emerging from pandemics and infodemics. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nqru6

How COVID-19 has changed the use and communication of evidence. (n.d.). Nesta. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/how-covid-19-has-changed-use-and-communication-evidence/

Pummerer, L., & Sassenberg, K. (2020, April 14). Conspiracy Theories in Times of Crisis and their Societal Effects: Case “Corona”. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y5grn

Rosenfeld, D. L., Rothgerber, H., & Wilson, T. (2020, April 22). Politicizing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ideological Differences in Adherence to Social Distancing. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/k23cv

Brazil and Mexico: Domestic disinformation in the context of COVID-19. (n.d.). Atlantic Council. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/event/brazil-and-mexico-domestic-disinformation-in-the-context-of-covid19/

COVID-19: $6.5 million to help fight coronavirus misinformation. (2020, April 2). Google. https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/google-news-initiative/covid-19-65-million-help-fight-coronavirus-misinformation/

CATTANEO, B. (2020, April 17). How insights on human behaviour can help us manage a pandemic. EU Science Hub - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/how-insights-human-behaviour-can-help-us-manage-pandemic

COVID-19 Resource Hub. (n.d.). EU DisinfoLab. Retrieved April 17, 2020, from https://www.disinfo.eu/coronavirus

Jarynowski, A., Wojta-Kempa, M., Belik, V. (2020, March 30). Perception of emergent epidemic of COVID-2019 / SARS CoV-2 on the Polish Internet. Cornell University. arXiv:2004.00005.

Olapegba, P. O., Ayandele, O., Kolawole, S. O., Oguntayo, R., Gandi, J. C., Dangiwa, A. L., … Iorfa, S. K. (2020, April 12). COVID-19 Knowledge and Perceptions in Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j356x

Velásquez, N., et al. (2020, April 1). Hate multiverse spreads malicious COVID-19 content online beyond individual platform control. Cornell University. arXiv:2004.00673.

Allen, J., Howland, B., Mobius, M., Rothschild, D., & Watts, D. J. (2020). Evaluating the fake news problem at the scale of the information ecosystem. Science Advances, 6(14), eaay3539. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3539.

Kutscher, C. (2020 April 8). The Coronavirus and Climate Change: How we're making the same mistakes. Medium. https://medium.com/@chuck.kutscher/the-coronavirus-and-climate-change-how-were-making-the-same-mistakes-2cd01cce2295

Koebler, J. (2020 April 09). The viral 'study' about runners spreading coronavirus is not actually a study. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/v74az9/the-viral-study-about-runners-spreading-coronavirus-is-not-actually-a-study

Betsch, C, et al. (2020 March 3). Germany COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO Germany): Monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak in Germany. PsychArchives. http://dx.doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.2776

Heathers, J. (2020 April 13). Hurry, don't rush. Medium. https://medium.com/@jamesheathers/hurry-dont-rush-e1aee626e733

Nielsen, R.K., Fletcher, R., Newman, N., Brennen, S., Howard, P.N. (2020 April 15). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: how people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/infodemic-how-people-six-countries-access-and-rate-news-and-information-about-coronavirus

Ofcom. (2020 April 09). Covid-19 news and information: consumption and attitudes. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/news-media/coronavirus-news-consumption-attitudes-behaviour