https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeUXG-DsxF-nMJEidB6Ie83NPwUDwEuwHFPel36NoArBaMTrA/viewform

Evidence Tracker: COVID-19

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Ahmed, F. et al. (2020 April 02). Why inequality could spread COVID-19. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30085-2.

Hahn, U. (2020 April 7). COVID-19, cognitive science, and adaptive responding: What can the cogsci community do?. Cognitive Science Society. https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/covid-19-cognitive-science-response/.

Call for Papers: Commentaries on the Coronavirus Pandemic Deadline: April 30, 2020

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Plohl, N., & Musil, B. (2020, April 6). Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: The critical role of trust in science. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6a2cx

Klepac, P., Kucharski, A. J., Conlan, A. J., Kissler, S., Tang, M., Fry, H., & Gog, J. R. (2020). Contacts in context: Large-scale setting-specific social mixing matrices from the BBC Pandemic project [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.20023754

Noorazar, H. (2020). Recent advances in opinion propagation dynamics: A 2020 Survey. ArXiv:2004.05286 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.05286

Heathers, J. (2020 April 13). Hurry, don't rush. Medium. https://medium.com/@jamesheathers/hurry-dont-rush-e1aee626e733

Callaghan, S. (2020). COVID-19 Is a Data Science Issue. Patterns, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100022

Justman, Q. (2020). Keeping the Wheels of the Scientific Endeavor Turning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cell Systems, S2405471220301137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2020.03.007

Dhami, Mandeep & Olsson, Henrik. (2008). Evolution of the interpersonal conflict paradigm. Judgment and Decision Making. 3. 547-569. http://journal.sjdm.org/8510/jdm8510.pdf

Antov, M.I., Plog, E., Bierwirth, P. et al. Visuocortical tuning to a threat-related feature persists after extinction and consolidation of conditioned fear. Sci Rep 10, 3926 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60597-z

Hossain, M. A. (2020). Is the spread of COVID-19 across countries influenced by environmental, economic and social factors? [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058164

Perakslis, E. (2020). A Primer on Biodefense Data Science for Pandemic Preparedness. Patterns, 1(1), 100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100018

Breckon, J. (2020 April 16). Seven welcome Covid-19 trends. Researchprofessionalnews.com. https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-views-of-the-uk-2020-4-seven-welcome-covid-19-trends/

Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A. K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, S2215036620301681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1

Bailey, A., Knobe, J., & Newman, G. (2020). Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Non-biological Social Groups [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m2eby

Kraft-Todd, G., Kleiman-Weiner, M., & Young, L. (2020, March 25). Differential virtue discounting: Public generosity is seen as more selfish than public impartiality. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zqpv7

Sailer, M., Stadler, M., Botes, E., Fischer, F., & Greiff, S. (2020, April 9). Science knowledge and trust in medicine affect individuals’ behavior in pandemic crises. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tmu8f

Watts, D. J., Beck, E. D., Bienenstock, E. J., Bowers, J., Frank, A., Grubesic, A., Hofman, J., Rohrer, J. M., & Salganik, M. (2018). Explanation, prediction, and causality: Three sides of the same coin? [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u6vz5

Munger, K. (2020). Digital Literacy and Online Political Behavior [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3ncmk

Sumner, P., Vivian-Griffiths, S., Boivin, J., Williams, A., Bott, L., Adams, R., Venetis, C. A., Whelan, L., Hughes, B., & Chambers, C. D. (2016). Exaggerations and Caveats in Press Releases and Health-Related Science News. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0168217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168217

Herz, N., Dan, O., Censor, N., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2020). Opinion: Authors overestimate their contribution to scientific work, demonstrating a strong bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(12), 6282–6285. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003500117

Coronavirus misinformation and vaccine research among key priorities for public | Imperial News | Imperial College London. (n.d.). Imperial News. Retrieved April 8, 2020, from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/196696/coronavirus-misinformation-vaccine-research-among-priorities/

ReconfigBehSci en Twitter: “‘Proper science without the drag’ – Move to the medical model of journal review: ‘Yes/No’ decision. We suggest the temporary adoption of this model for crisis-relevant material by journals. [happening already, but potentially even better models: @Meta_psy and @F1000Research?]” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://twitter.com/scibeh/status/1242094075312046082

Hahn, U., Lagnado, D., Lewandowsky, S., & Chater, N. (2020). Crisis knowledge management: Reconfiguring the behavioural science community for rapid responding in the Covid-19 crisis [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hsxdk

Hill-Cawthorne, G. (2020). COVID-19: Insights from behavioural science. https://post.parliament.uk/analysis/covid-19-insights-from-behavioural-science/, https://post.parliament.uk/analysis/covid-19-insights-from-behavioural-science/

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Powell, K. (2020). Science-ing from home. Nature, 580(7803), 419–421. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00935-3

Salganik, M. J., Lundberg, I., Kindel, A. T., Ahearn, C. E., Al-Ghoneim, K., Almaatouq, A., Altschul, D. M., Brand, J. E., Carnegie, N. B., Compton, R. J., Datta, D., Davidson, T., Filippova, A., Gilroy, C., Goode, B. J., Jahani, E., Kashyap, R., Kirchner, A., McKay, S., … McLanahan, S. (2020). Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915006117

COVID-19. (n.d.). Imperial College London. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from http://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/school-public-health/infectious-disease-epidemiology/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/

Apuzzo, M., & Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2020, April 1). Covid-19 Changed How the World Does Science, Together. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/01/world/europe/coronavirus-science-research-cooperation.html

National Academies of Sciences, E. (2017). Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop. https://doi.org/10.17226/24738

Crystal, J. (2020, March 30). The Behavioral Science Response to COVID-19 Working Group: Recommendations to reduce face touching. Psychonomic Society Featured Content. https://featuredcontent.psychonomic.org/introducing-the-behavioral-science-response-to-covid-19-working-group/

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Collective Intelligence and COVID-19 | Trello. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://trello.com/b/STdgEhvX/collective-intelligence-and-covid-19

Example

Note

• Ilmu kebumian terdiri dari komponen atmosfer, lithosfer, dan hydrosfer, yang masing-masing telah membangun tubuh keilmuan (body of knowledge) sendiri.
• Geokimia sendiri merupakan interaksi antara litosfer dan hidrosfer, tentunya ini akan memberikan kondisi yang berbeda lagi.
• Kondisi itu membuat kebutuhan dan perilaku ilmuwan di masing-masing sub bidang ilmu akan berbeda-beda.
• Namun demikian kebutuhan untuk memiliki media publikasi yang cepat, minim hambatan waktu (delay) sepertinya akan tetap sama.

This is a learning objective.

contrast this to physical manufacturing: Manufacturing today is rarely evolved to the modular stage for complex projects (such as code), and yet it proceeds across oceans, machinery, and---more frequently---across languages. Programming standardizes the languages of production while allowing the languages of collaboration to be multiple. These multiples are the parallel clusters around the world hacking away at their own thing. They are friends, they are scientists, they are entrepreneurs, they are all of the above.

Cet argument prends la suite du précédent pour renforcer l’idée que les croyances l’emportent sur le raisonnement scientifique pour des raisons psychologiques, parce que l’esprit humain est biaisé en faveur des premières.

On peut noter la structure du raisonnement logique :

Prémisse 1: la rationalité objective (= science) se base sur des preuves neutres et demande une démarche active de construction de savoir

Prémisse 2: la rationalité subjective (=croyance) trie les informations en fonction de ce qui est le plus satisfaisant a croire

Conclusion : il est plus facile et spontané de croire que de savoir

Ce raisonnement lui permet d’expliquer le paradoxe entre les bénéfices factuels des progrès scientifiques et la méfiance croissante que ces progrès suscitent.

key point

no hidden cost, eg., memory growth on the heap or pauses during garbage collection. but there is a cost in stack memory usage and "scoping" among multiple stack frames, CPU caching, etc.

eg., shared via the "pointer" to an address in heap memory

As it is, it looks like it refers to science of the web. Not to scientific practices in a web-like way (which seems to be the goal of the Linked Resarch project).

This is a key point. Watching those impressive astounding videos about these robots we forget how much humans are behind that

IMB's research about securing Internet of things

These citizen scientists in Finland helped identify a new type of "northern light". Basically, 2 people were able to take a shot of the same display at the same second, 60 miles apart, allowing for depth resolution.

In Fowkes, the 'form of appearance' or the Erscheinungsform.

Exchange value is the 'form of appearance' of something contained in it, yet distinguishable from it--this 'third thing' will turn out to be 'socially necessary labor time'.

Book Two of Hegel's Science of Logic, the Doctrine of Essence, begins with a chapter on 'Der Schein,' which appears in A.V. Miller's translation as "Illusory Being" (Hegel, Science of Logic, trans. by A.V. Miller, pp. 393-408).

Here, Hegel describes "schein" as "reflected immediacy, that is immediacy which is only by means of its negation and which when contrasted with its mediation is nothing but the empty determination of the immediacy of negated determinate being," (p. 396).

Hegel goes on to remark that "Schein" is "the phenomenon [Phänomen] of skepticism, and the Appearance [Erscheinung] of idealism," (p. 396).

In describing exchange value as the 'Erscheinungsform' of 'something contained in it, yet distinguishable from it'--which will be labor--Marx is clearly flirting with the terminology surrounding "Illusory Being" in the Science of Logic, which suggests labor as the 'thing-in-itself' of the exchange value. Exchange-value is the reflected immediacy that conceals the congealed labor that it is its essence.

The passage as a whole is suggestive of how exchange value will wend its way through Marx's demonstration, unfolding from itself determinations of itself.

Before presenting a long, difficult quotation from Hegel, I think the most straightforward way to present this reference to Hegel is to say present the argument as follows:

In Kantian idealism, we find that the 'thing-in-itself' cannot become an object of knowledge; consciousness only ever has immediate access to the form of appearance, the 'sensible form' of a 'thing-in-itself' which never presents itself to consciousness. In referring to the value form as the 'form of appearance' of something else which does not appear, Marx is saying that just as idealism subordinates the objectivity of the world to its appearance for consciousness, exchange-value represents immediately an essence that it suppresses, and implicitly, denies the possibility of knowledge of this essence.

Hegel writes, "Skepticism did not permit itself to say 'It is'; modern idealism did not permit itself to regard knowledge as a knowing of the thing-in-itself; the illusory being of skepticism was supposed to lack any foundation of being, and in idealism the thing-in-itself was not supposed to enter into knowledge. But at the same time, skepticism admitted a multitude of determinations of its illusory being, or rather its illusory being had for content the entire manifold wealth of the world. In idealism, too, Appearance [Erscheinung] embraces within itself the range of these manifold determinateness. This illusory being and this Appearance are immediately thus manifoldly determined. This content, therefore, may well have no being, no thing or thing-in-itself at its base; it remains on its own account as it is; the content has only been transferred from being into an illusory being, so that the latter has within itself those manifold determinateness, which are immediate, simply affirmative, and mutually related as others. Illusory being is, therefore, itself immediately determinate. It can have this or that content; whatever content it has, illusory being does not posit this itself but has it immediately. The various forms of idealism, Leibnizian, Kantian, Fichtean, and others, have not advanced beyond being as determinateness, have not advanced beyond this immediacy, any more than skepticism did. Skepticism permits the content of its illusory being to be given to it; whatever content it is supposed to have, for skepticism it is immediate. The monad of Leibniz evolves its ideas and representations out of itself; but it is not the power that generates and binds them together, rather do they arise in the monad like bubbles; they are indifferent and immediate over against one another and the same in relation to the monad itself. Similarly, the Kantian Appearance [Erscheinung] is a given content of perception; it presupposes affections, determinations of the subject, which are immediately relatively to themselves and to the subject. It may well be that the infinite obstacle of Fichte's idealism has no underlying thing-in-itself, so that it becomes purely a determinateness in the ego; but for the ego, this determinateness which it appropriates and whose externality it sublates is at the same time immediate, a limitation of the ego, which it can transcend but which has in it an element of indifference, so that although the limitation is in the ego, it contains an immediate non-being of the ego." (p. 396-397).

In Lenin's notebooks on Hegel's Science of Logic, these sections provoke a considerable degree of excitement. Lenin's 'Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic' can be accessed via Marxists.org here:

https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/cons-logic/ch02.htm

In Ben Fowkes translation in the Penguin edition, we find "The wealth of societies…appears as."

In the German edition, Marx uses the verb erscheint ('scheint' shares an etymological link to the English word, shine.)

On p. 127, Marx uses the Hegelian expression, Erscheinungsform (form of appearance). In this edition, it is rendered "the phenomenal form."

Marx uses this term to describe the way that, in order for exchange-values to present an equivalence between two distinct use-values (i.e. x corn, y silk) they must possess some common element of identical magnitude. As exchange-values, commodities "cannot be anything other than the mode of expression, the 'form of appearance' [Erscheinungsform], of a content distinguishable from it," (Karl Marx. Capital, Vol. I, p. 127)

Even a normal conference in the geo-sciences is more open than this "open science" conference. There is a limited amount of time for speakers, but why would anyone deny someone the possibility to present a poster and try to find an audience for their research? There is no scientific need for this gate keeping.

In the scientific papers we convey novelty, hence, some of the early readers might confuse themselves that this is the right way to speak in a daily scientific community

Why teaching others/blogging has a great value in terms of learning new topics

While learning, don't worry about the creativity, which shall come after gaining proficiency (knowledge base)

I think we all know that...

Often we tend to communicate with a jargon we don't understand just to pretend we know something

Magically, our brain doesn't easily accept the fact that we will die some day. It was proved by the short experiment:

volunteers were watching images of faces with words like "funeral" or "burial", and whenever they've seen their own one, the brain didn't showcase any surprise signals

Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Enquiries into very many received tenets and commonly presumed truths (1646), commonly known as Vulgar Errours, was an important text in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. Browne, like Francis Bacon, argued that empirical evidence was necessary to support (or disprove) claims, so his "trial" here likely involved many bird dissections.

Browne is credited with introducing a number of words to the scientific discourse, including "electricity" and--interesting for our purposes--"computer" and "hallucination."

The relationships between Victor and his teachers appear to drive the interdisciplinary curiosity that leads to his later discoveries. For example, M. Waldman, who loves chemistry, notes that "I have not neglected the other branches of science," and neither does Victor.

It is unclear who this English philosopher might have been, though it might be a reference to Erasmus Darwin, who Percy Shelley cites in the novel's introduction.

Not called "science" until the mid-nineteenth century, "natural philosophy" was science in the tradition of England's Royal Society (begun 1660), with its emphasis on Baconian induction, careful experiment, and refusal of any older science that could not be proven and demonstrated in a laboratory.

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) was author of *De Occulta Philosophia**, known to practice magic, and considered nonsensical by modern natural philosophy.

The early modern English physician William Harvey (1578-1627) made several valuable contributions to the medical sciences, including the circulation of blood in the human body. In De Motu Cordis (1628), Harvey sets down his landmark experiments; in these, Harvey used ligatures to stem blood flow to better understand how the heart works to pump blood throughout the human body. This knowledge will be critical for Victor's creation of the Creature.

Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) was also the teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas. He is often praised for his rejection of dogmatic philosophy and his stress on experimentation. Many books, including the Little Book on Alchemy, were falsely attributed to Magnus but likely written by Paracelsus.

Victor seems to regard himself as godlike in his research. Subsequently, he advances a personal ethics of creation about the specific "raw material" he uses for his experiments, and to the source of the raw material.

The philosophers stone was also called the elixir of life, or thought to create it, and to be useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality; for many centuries, the stone and the elixir were the most sought goal in alchemy.

Cadavers for anatomical training in this period were scarce, and thus a medical education meant to study and extend life also fostered serial killers who committed murders for the sake of selling fresh corpses. Such killing sprees were ended by the Anatomical Act of 1832 in England, which made corpses legally available for medical research.

By 1818 physiology had become a controversial branch of medicine at the center of the dispute between vitalism, the idea that a divine spark energized animal life, and materialism, the argument that chemical processes alone give rise to life. Mary Shelley was well aware of the dispute since the Shelleys' family doctor, William Lawrence, was vigorously taking up the materialist argument in works like An Introduction to Comparative Anatomy and Physiology (1816). For a full view of this controversy as it relates to the novel, see Marilyn Butler, "Frankenstein and Radical Science" [1993] reprinted in J. Paul Hunter, Frankenstein, Norton Critical Edition, second ed. (New York: Norton, 2012): 404-416.

Victor appears so engrossed in his creation that he forgets his discoveries are predicated on the previous research of scientists and natural philosophers. He fails to acknowledge that he "stands on the shoulders of giants," to use the phrase from Sir Issac Newton (1642-1726), including his teachers, a shortcoming indicative of pride of ownership.

"Creation" points toward popular literary themes, and to the Bible. It also calls into question property rights. John Locke (1632-1704) argued in Two Treatises of Government that applying one's labor to nature made that creation one's property. Shelley seems to call into question the relation of scientific research to the idea of ownership.

Victor's understanding of biological systems as machines was typical of nineteenth-century biology and physiology, and the debates between mechanists and vitalists, which still partially embraced the mechanistic perspective of human life advanced by Rene Descartes (1596-1650), and others.

In his book De Occulta Philosophia Agrippa suggested that God placed magic in the world to make man capable of transcending the natural sphere and able to influence the superior realms.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), the evolutionist and poet who lived in Birmingham, England, is clearly on Percy Shelley's mind when he introduces Mary's text in the 1818 edition. Critics of the novel have not often followed this lead in thinking about it as an early work in the British evolutionary imagination. Erasmus Darwin had made "not of impossible occurrence" that one presently visible species could mutate into another. Victor contemplates this possibility—as an alarming one—when he speculates in Volume 3, Chapter 3, that the Creature's demand that he create a "mate" could result in a new evolutionary development, "a race of devils."

Founded in 1472 in Bavaria, about 400 miles northeast of Geneva, this university became a leading center of scientific learning in the eighteenth century; the emergence of the Illuminati in 1776 also identified the university with the radical enlightenment.

The philosopher's stone, or "stone of the philosophers" (Latin: lapis philosophorum) was a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold (chrysopoeia, from the Greek χρυσός khrusos, "gold," and ποιεῖν poiēin, "to make") or silver.

Paracelsus (1200-1280) was a medieval Swiss theologian and physician interested in alchemy and astrology, and a pioneer in the medical revolution of the German Renaissance. Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) was a German Catholic Dominican friar and bishop. Known as Albert the Great or later Saint Albert, Magnus also wrote on alchemy and was the first to comment on the writings of Aristotle and the teachings of Muslim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes.

The special role of chemistry in Victor's apprenticeship to medicine links premodern sciences like alchemy to modern empirical science. Humphry Davy (1778-1829)was the contemporary British chemist who argued the chemistry was the key to all other sciences and useful arts of the time.

Victor explains his lack of any early scientific education as the reason he found medieval scientific works credible and often intoxicating. But while they may not have been versed in the sciences, Victor's parents educated him in languages, mathematics, and other kinds of knowledge prized by the Enlightenment.

This description recalls an experiment by Giovanni Aldini, a Professor of Experimental Philosophy at the University of Bologna, Italy. He was also Luigi Galvani’s nephew and a strong proponent of the latter’s work. In early 1803, Aldini conducted an electrical experiment on the corpse of Thomas Foster at Newgate Prison in London. A voltaic pile sent electric currents through the dead man’s body, causing it to contract and contort and one eye to open. Such experiments were well known to the Shelleys, who attended physiological lectures in London between 1802 and 1816.

Although the word comes from Arabic, "alchemy" has its roots in the ancient world, which seemed preoccupied with the transformation of materials, especially with turning base metals such as lead and tin into gold and silver. Both Victor's father and Professor Krempe sharply distinguish between the modern, rational science of chemistry and irrational, premodern alchemy.

This brief addition in the Thomas Copy emphasizes the extent to which Victor's interest in human physiology carries away his imagination until he is "exalted to a kind of transport."

Aurora Borealis or "northern lights" appear in the Arctic skies, a nighttime phenomenon caused by turbulence in the magnetosphere.

This added text in the Thomas Copy is the only reference to the Creature as a "giant" in any version of Frankenstein. By the early nineteenth century giants were a distant figure of folklore rather than everyday experience, as Walton notes by thinking of the giant as an "optical delusion." The Creature in the novel measures at about eight feet tall.

In this 1831 revision, M. Waldman's influence depends less on his personality or charisma and more on his capabilities as a teacher.

In this lengthy addition to 1831, Victor experiences an early flash of ruinous ambition during the chemistry lecture by M. Waldman. The new picture of Waldman as an evil force belongs to a pattern of provoking suspicion about scientific education in the 1831 edition that did not appear in the 1818.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was a natural philosopher and is widely considered one of the most prominent figures of the Enlightenment and the scientific revolution.

Shelley adds this 1831 passage in which she traces Victor's fascination with alchemy and outmoded scientific ideas to an impetuous childhood, while the 1818 edition shows Victor reading the ancient sciences as an adult.

In this section, in 1831 three paragraphs of text replace a five-paragraph section in 1818.

Awed by the destructive power of the lightning-blast and their companions discourse on galvanism, Victor throws aside the "tormenting studies" of both medieval alchemy and natural philosophy which had hitherto fueled his sense of wonder and formed the basis of his intellectual obsessions. Turning instead to mathematics, he enjoys a brief respite from his torments, but his former desires will overtake him again.

In this revision for the 1831 edition, Victor narrates a period of exploration and disillusionment with the emergent discourse of modern rational science, encapsulated here by the figure of Newton.

A nice quote on the variability of humans & their best diets.