McNeill, B. (n.d.). Patients undergoing treatment for cancer more susceptible to COVID-19 misinformation, study finds. VCU News. Retrieved February 14, 2022, from https://news.vcu.edu/article/2022/02/patients-undergoing-treatment-for-cancer-more-susceptible-to-covid-19-misinformation

Nick Mark MD. (2022, January 21). This FLCCC COVID protocol gets nuttier with each version. Now hydroxychloroquine is “preferred for omicron”? What?!🤯 Stuff that actually works (monoclonals & fluvoxamine) are 2nd line And steroids, which increased mortality in people NOT on O2 in RECOVERY, are recommended?😱 https://t.co/XXfn1eMTJt [Tweet]. @nickmmark. https://twitter.com/nickmmark/status/1484382662517137410

ReconfigBehSci. (2022, January 24). I do think that if we had systematically kept score the quality of the ‘advice’ dispensed on Twitter would have been much better [Tweet]. @i. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1485592942156951552

Singh, K., Lima, G., Cha, M., Cha, C., Kulshrestha, J., Ahn, Y.-Y., & Varol, O. (2022). Misinformation, believability, and vaccine acceptance over 40 countries: Takeaways from the initial phase of the COVID-19 infodemic. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0263381. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263381

Smyth, G., & News ·, L. D. · C. (2022, February 9). 2 B.C. doctors went on a COVID-19 speaking tour. Colleagues say their misinformation put public at risk | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-doctors-covid-misinformation-1.6334580

How does COVID-19 misinformation compare with other health topics? (2022, January 19). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-misinformation-was-entirely-predictable-experts-say

COVID-19 disinformation sharing by Canadian doctors ‘extremely concerning’: Ontario health minister | Globalnews.ca. (n.d.). Global News. Retrieved February 11, 2022, from https://globalnews.ca/news/8523550/covid-19-disinformation-ontario-doctors-christine-elliott/

Peter R. Hansen. (2022, February 3). Weighting, is the answer. The only study to find lockdowns ⬆️mortality is given weight 91.8% = 7390/8030, and then you get -0.2% to be the estimate. To summarize: -0.2% META-STUDY ESTIMATE is based on 91.8% ONE STUDY and 8.2% ALL OTHER STUDIES. https://t.co/j6e7ziPNAI [Tweet]. @ProfPHansen. https://twitter.com/ProfPHansen/status/1489366528956919808

Dame Adjin-Tettey, T. (2022). Combating fake news, disinformation, and misinformation: Experimental evidence for media literacy education. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2037229. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2037229

Stephan Lewandowsky. (2022, January 15). This is an extremely important development. The main vector for misinformation are not fringe websites but “mainstream” politicians who inherit and adapt fringe material. So keeping track of their effect is crucial, and this is a very welcome first step by @_mohsen_m @DG_Rand 1/n [Tweet]. @STWorg. https://twitter.com/STWorg/status/1482265289022746628

PaedsHaemDoc. (2022, January 9). Had the misfortune (via @fatemperor) to come across Dr Paul Alexander -apparently credentialed yet in single blog post demonstrates perfectly either a disconnect from rational thought or deliberate misinformation spreading of the #masspsychosis of the anti-Vax crew let’s examine https://t.co/Ctd49cb1qK [Tweet]. @dr_barrett. https://twitter.com/dr_barrett/status/1479986071832248322

Alberta court grants mother right to vaccinate immunocompromised son against COVID-19. (n.d.). Edmontonjournal. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/alberta-court-covid-19-vaccination-rights-mother-immunocompromised-son-despite-father-objection

How to navigate COVID-19 vaccine misinformation with fellow parents. (n.d.). TODAY.Com. Retrieved 7 February 2022, from https://www.today.com/health/health/discuss-covid-19-vaccines-responsibly-rcna14739

Trisha Greenhalgh. (2022, January 8). Apart from (e.g.): 1. Severe disease in clinically vulnerable (they are people too); 2. Long covid in many; 3. Strokes / heart attacks / kidney failure from micro-clots; 4. New-onset diabetes and MIS-C in children; 5. High potential for recombinant mutations. [Tweet]. @trishgreenhalgh. https://twitter.com/trishgreenhalgh/status/1479738523511136258

Prof. Gavin Yamey MD MPH. (2022, January 21). His vax disinformation is at 34.55 in the video His full comments: “But people do not trust this vaccine. It’s not been through the normal trials, it’s a technology that’s not been proven as safe & effective, & now the data is coming in on the vaccine that’s showing that..” 1/3 [Tweet]. @GYamey. https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1484668215825469445

Enough with the harassment: How to deal with anti-vax cults. (2022, January 26). Healthy Debate. https://healthydebate.ca/2022/01/topic/how-to-deal-with-anti-vax-cults/

Democracy in the age of social media. (n.d.). EXPeditions - Meet the World’s Best Minds. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.joinexpeditions.com/exps/43

Calarco, J. M. (2021). The Moral Calm Before the Storm: How a Theory of Moral Calms Explains the Covid-Related Increase in Parents’ Refusal of Vaccines for Children. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/m7c3p

Navlakha, M. (2022, January 24). On Substack, COVID misinformation is allowed to flourish. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/substack-covid-misinformation

Joe Sill on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://twitter.com/joe_sill/status/1473489055136497664

Evershed, N. (n.d.). The simple numbers every government should use to fight anti-vaccine misinformation. The Guardian. Retrieved January 30, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/ng-interactive/2022/jan/28/the-simple-numbers-every-government-should-use-to-fight-anti-vaccine-misinformation

This is a perfect example of the contradiction that is our system of industries, that in one breath communicates how we need to debunk misinformation, but however still encourages profiting off of the spreading of misinformation and the naivetés of their consumer market.

I also had a similar reaction as many to this because it is interesting perspective because obviously if something was not the level of quality or value that it was marketed to be one would be very upset. But, also it is a very prominent example not only of misinformation, but for just how quickly misinformation can be spread. Furthermore than that, this situation highlights the rationale behind why people so easily and quickly believe, defend, and spread misinformation, unfortunately it usually sources from a very prominent trend occurring or a need that is causing desperation for more information on a subject without verifying credible sources.

Male, V. (2022). Menstruation and covid-19 vaccination. BMJ, 376, o142. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o142

Andersen, K. (2022, January 25). The Anti-vaccine Right Brought Human Sacrifice to America. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/human-sacrifice-ritual-mass-vaccination/621355/

Bayerlein, M., Boese, V. A., Gates, S., Kamin, K., & Murshed, S. M. (2021). Populism and COVID-19: How Populist Governments (Mis)Handle the Pandemic. 2(3): 389–428. https://doi.org/10.1561/113.00000043

Bartlett, T. (2021, August 12). The Vaccine Scientist Spreading Vaccine Misinformation. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/robert-malone-vaccine-inventor-vaccine-skeptic/619734/

Defeat The Mandates: Green Our Vaccines reconstituted for COVID-19. (2022, January 21). RESPECTFUL INSOLENCE. https://respectfulinsolence.com/2022/01/21/defeat-the-mandates-green-our-vaccines-reconstituted-for-covid-19/

Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez. (2022, January 14). The rise of Omicron Translated from @numeroteca https://t.co/S7HYcEnuQn [Tweet]. @jljcolorado. https://twitter.com/jljcolorado/status/1481799620502061056

Health Nerd. (2022, January 15). It was always likely that immunity to COVID-19 would wane, and we now know the median time to waning is around 1.5-2 years post infection for most people, sometimes less 😕 [Tweet]. @GidMK. https://twitter.com/GidMK/status/1482188340091060229

Trust in Science is Changing. (n.d.). The Science Writer. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.thesciencewriter.org/uncharted/trust-science-changing

Hotez, P. J. (2021). America’s deadly flirtation with antiscience and the medical freedom movement. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(7). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI149072

Kit Yates. (2022, January 21). And the ones who did die? Well we don’t hear so much from them. Https://t.co/YVjZJRncWE [Tweet]. @Kit_Yates_Maths. https://twitter.com/Kit_Yates_Maths/status/1484443147576954881

The online information environment | Royal Society. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/online-information-environment/

Prof. Christina Pagel. (2022, January 20). This would be an astonishing percentage if @trvrb is right that only 1 in 4 or so cases detected in US. https://t.co/nyZuveidr5 [Tweet]. @chrischirp. https://twitter.com/chrischirp/status/1484119391453204484

Should bad science be censored on social media? (2022, January 19). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60036861

Revealed: How a web of Canadian doctors are undermining the fight against COVID-19 | Globalnews.ca. (n.d.). Global News. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://globalnews.ca/news/8517353/canada-doctors-covid-vaccine-disinformation/

the prasad, myocarditis up-player. (2022, January 18). No RCTs necessary to slay all you myocarditis downplayers https://t.co/tmGE6GwwJU [Tweet]. @VpwndF. https://twitter.com/VpwndF/status/1483514263750729733

Fulton-Lyne, L. (n.d.). Research Guides: Misinformation: Misinformation Course. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from https://libguides.norquest.ca/fakenews/course

Marcus, A. A. (2022, January 13). COVID-19 spike protein paper earns an expression of concern. Retraction Watch. https://retractionwatch.com/2022/01/13/covid-19-spike-protein-paper-earns-an-expression-of-concern/

ReconfigBehSci. (2022, January 4). meet @michaelmina_lab for detailed info on what LFTs are for... Https://t.co/QRDQkp5SQW [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1478484756987887618

Yang, M. (2022, January 14). ‘Menace to public health’: 270 doctors criticize Spotify over Joe Rogan’s podcast. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/14/spotify-joe-rogan-podcast-open-letter

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘astonishing’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481916090930376709

Glenn Beck has Covid again after refusing vaccine: ‘It’s going into my lungs.’ (2022, January 13). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/glenn-beck-covid-ivermectin-mark-levin-b1992427.html

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @SciCommPSU: Today at 4! “COVID-19 Vaccines: Science versus Anti-Science” with @PeterHotez. Presented by @huckinstitutes https://t.co…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1450591196653314051

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘this might be my favourite one so far...’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481194899169062917

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @thehowie: Here is @ClayTravis showing that he didn’t read the article. Https://t.co/RCjijieeaI’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481167779541794820

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @thehowie: Here is @CortesSteve showing that he did not read the article. Https://t.co/VeYt3xz37b’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481167836127141893

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @thehowie: Here is @jennybethm showing that she did not read the article. Https://t.co/pg6Obhc3WL’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 January 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1481167853617307650

Study: Digital literacy doesn’t stop the spread of misinformation. (n.d.). MIT Sloan. Retrieved January 12, 2022, from https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/study-digital-literacy-doesnt-stop-spread-misinformation

I’m a UK Covid scientist. Here’s a sample of the abuse in my inbox. (2021, December 31). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/31/im-a-uk-covid-scientist-heres-a-sample-of-the-abuse-in-my-inbox

FACT FOCUS: Unfounded theory used to dismiss COVID measures. (2022, January 8). AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-science-health-joe-rogan-ap-fact-check-a87b1044c6256968dcc33886a36c949f

Giglietto, F., Farci, M., Marino, G., Mottola, S., Radicioni, T., & Terenzi, M. (2022). Mapping Nefarious Social Media Actors to Speed-up Covid-19 Fact-checking. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/6umqs

Williams, M., Anderson, R. C., Fox, N., Skinner, C. M., & McMurtrie, B. (2022). Evidence for a positive relationship between perceived stress and belief in conspiracy theories. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gca56

Jones, C. M., Diethei, D., Schöning, J., Shrestha, R., Jahnel, T., & Schüz, B. (2021). Social reference cues can reduce misinformation sharing behaviour on social media. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v6fc9

Paul. (2022, January 4). “Eminent” Professor Sunetra Gupta retweets pub landlord. The advancement of “science” 2020-2022... Https://t.co/CRQx5k0WMn [Tweet]. @Aw_what. https://twitter.com/Aw_what/status/1478317495912181762

Maher, S. (2022, January 3). Misinformation from the U.S. is the next virus—And it’s spreading fast. Macleans.Ca. https://www.macleans.ca/society/health/misinformation-from-the-u-s-is-the-next-virus-and-its-spreading-fast/

Best for Britain. (2022, January 1). Your 2022 reminder that Arnold Schwarzenegger is an absolute gem https://t.co/HmE81i7V0h [Tweet]. @BestForBritain. https://twitter.com/BestForBritain/status/1477209735841689606

Swire-Thompson, B., Cook, J., Butler, L. H., Sanderson, J. A., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2021). Correction format has a limited role when debunking misinformation. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00346-6

Twitter permanently suspends Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene’s personal account over covid-19 misinformation. (n.d.). Washington Post. Retrieved 3 January 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/01/02/marjorie-taylor-greene-twitter-suspension/

Timothy Caulfield. (2021, December 30). #RobertMalone suspended by #twitter today. Reaction: 1) Great news. He has been spreading harmful #misinformation. (He has NOT contributed to meaningful/constructive scientific debate. His views demonstrably wrong & polarizing.) 2) What took so long? #ScienceUpFirst [Tweet]. @CaulfieldTim. https://twitter.com/CaulfieldTim/status/1476346919890796545

Trisha Greenhalgh. (2021, December 27). This is nothing short of scandalous. Unless and until those leading the public health response acknowledge the AIRBORNE nature of the virus and give transmission mitigation advice commensurate with how airborne viruses spread, we will be yo-yoing from wave to wave ad infinitum. [Tweet]. @trishgreenhalgh. https://twitter.com/trishgreenhalgh/status/1475502337594646528

Prof. Gavin Yamey MD MPH. (2021, October 14). That awful VAERS preprint, championed by anti-vaxxers Marjorie Taylor Greene & Robert Malone, which argued the vax is more dangerous than Covid, refuses to die The preprint was coauthored by a member of Rational Ground, an extreme Covid denialist group that harasses scientists [Tweet]. @GYamey. https://twitter.com/GYamey/status/1448641593150345216

Prof. Shane Crotty. (2021, November 2). Wow. COVID vaccine misinformation continues to be soooo horrible. This is incredible widespread and ABSOLUTELY made up. (Just like the insanity of implantable chips they continue to claim over and over) These fabrications are so damaging to the health of Americans. [Tweet]. @profshanecrotty. https://twitter.com/profshanecrotty/status/1455540502955241489

Kit Yates. (2021, December 22). “There is no evidence currently that COVID-19 vaccines are linked to an increase in sportspeople collapsing or dying due to heart issues such as myocarditis.” https://t.co/mw7l9zRSJX [Tweet]. @Kit_Yates_Maths. https://twitter.com/Kit_Yates_Maths/status/1473590628965617666

Far-right lures recruits using COVID-19 conspiracy theories, alongside misogyny, anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia, says study. (n.d.). Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/far-lures-recruits-using-covid-134548878.html

Calgary Herald. (n.d.). Calgaryherald. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/anti-covid-vaccine-dad-loses-battle-with-ex-wife-over-whether-to-get-their-children-inoculated

Zewe, A., & Technology, M. I. of. (2021, December 19). MIT Scientists Find Clues to Why Fake News Snowballs on Social Media. SciTechDaily. https://scitechdaily.com/mit-scientists-find-clues-to-why-fake-news-snowballs-on-social-media/

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, December 7). Given an estimate whereby the average person knows ca. 600 people, assuming 50% vaxxed, the average person would know 8 people who died of the vaccine. It is hard to believe numeracy is so low that people cannot see how crazy these “statistics” are... [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1468163579069280258

Acme Birch Beer. (2021, December 13). A long thread on @NYTimes/@washingtonpost/@TheAtlantic’s favorite prediction-making expert, Monica Gandhi. Feb 22, 2021: “I need to say variants, shmariants, okay? I’m sorry, I don’t know what kind of trouble that’s going to get me in...” https://t.co/CwQL6QBG78 [Tweet]. @KindAndUnblind. https://twitter.com/KindAndUnblind/status/1470389931679883268

Courtney, D. S., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2021). Antecedents of Vaccine Hesitancy in WEIRD and East Asian Contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 5873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747721

Man whose wife won a lawsuit to treat his COVID-19 with ivermectin has died. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2021, from https://ca.news.yahoo.com/man-whose-wife-won-lawsuit-203019784.html

Carl T. Bergstrom. (2021, December 16). Indeed. Https://t.co/5xa28la941 [Tweet]. @CT_Bergstrom. https://twitter.com/CT_Bergstrom/status/1471345956981391360

Ning, C., Wu, H., & Liu, Y. (2021). Deliberation in health-related headlines. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e5bn7

How to report on public officials who spread misinformation. (2021, December 8). The Journalist’s Resource. https://journalistsresource.org/home/covering-misinformation-tips/

Schmid, P., & Lewandowsky, S. (n.d.). Tackling COVID disinformation with empathy and conversation. The Conversation. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://theconversation.com/tackling-covid-disinformation-with-empathy-and-conversation-173013

Nan, X., Iles, I. A., Yang, B., & Ma, Z. (2021). Public Health Messaging during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Lessons from Communication Science. Health Communication, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1994910

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, December 13). RT @CaulfieldTim: In the battle to debunk COVID-19 misinformation, Ottawa Public Health officials lead the way https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/in-the-battle-to-debunk-covid-19-misinformation-ottawa-public-health-officials-lead-the-way v @o… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1470435719848108035