BNO Newsroom. (2021, November 26). South Africa reports 2,828 new coronavirus cases, an increase of 258% from last week, with a positivity rate of 9.1% [Tweet]. @BNODesk. https://twitter.com/BNODesk/status/1464280278197846025

Spiegelhalter, D., & Masters, A. (2021, November 7). We can be confident there have been far more than 5 million global Covid deaths. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/commentisfree/2021/nov/07/we-can-be-confident-there-have-been-far-more-than-5-million-covid-deaths

Sample, I., & editor, I. S. S. (2021, November 1). One in four 35- to 54-year-olds in England not complying with Covid self-isolation. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/01/one-in-four-35--to-54-year-olds-in-england-not-complying-with-covid-self-isolation

UK’s daily Covid deaths hit SEVEN-MONTH high of 223 while cases jump 13% in a week to 43,738 | Daily Mail Online. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10108203/UKs-daily-Covid-deaths-hit-SEVEN-MONTH-high-223-cases-jump-13-week-43-738.html

Sparrow, A. (2021, October 21). UK Covid: Over 50,000 cases reported for first time since July as Johnson rejects calls to move to ‘plan B’ – as it happened. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2021/oct/21/uk-covid-coronavirus-live-news-plan-b-lockdown-vaccines

Covid-19 vaccination in children, adolescents, and young adults: How can we ensure high vaccination uptake? - The BMJ. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/10/14/covid-19-vaccination-in-children-adolescents-and-young-adults-how-can-we-ensure-high-vaccination-uptake

Study: Myocarditis risk 37 times higher for children with COVID-19 than uninfected peers | American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://www.aappublications.org/news/2021/08/31/covid-myocarditis-risk-children-083121

Dr Nisreen Alwan 🌻 on Twitter: “New @ONS #LongCovid estimates published today: 1.1 MILLION (1.7% of the whole UK population). Up from the summer estimate of 1.5%. 211,000 people with daily activities ‘limited a lot’. Greatest % in working age (35-69y). Rising prevalence in 17-24y. A tsunami of chronic illness.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/Dr2NisreenAlwan/status/1446110337753829379

The Death Rate of Covid-19 in Developing Countries | by Gideon M-K; Health Nerd | Oct, 2021 | Elemental. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from https://elemental.medium.com/the-death-rate-of-covid-19-in-developing-countries-cc17a55c73cd

Hippisley-Cox, J., Patone, M., Mei, X. W., Saatci, D., Dixon, S., Khunti, K., Zaccardi, F., Watkinson, P., Shankar-Hari, M., Doidge, J., Harrison, D. A., Griffin, S. J., Sheikh, A., & Coupland, C. A. C. (2021). Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 positive testing: Self-controlled case series study. BMJ, n1931. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1931

The difficulties of estimating long Covid | David Spiegelhalter and Anthony Masters | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/commentisfree/2021/sep/26/the-difficulties-of-estimating-long-covid

This is an excellent example of just how convoluted and brain-numbing statistics can be if you really get into it - yet how vitally important it is to have excellent statisticians working on important problems like determining how exactly COVID is spreading.

Iacobucci, G. (2021). Covid-19: How is vaccination affecting hospital admissions and deaths? BMJ, n2306. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2306

Sam Wang on Twitter: “These are risk levels that you pose to other people. They’re compared with you as—A nonsmoker—A sober driver—A vaccinated person. Unvaccinated? 5x as likely to get sick, for 3x as long. Total risk to others? 15x a vaccinated person Details:https://t.co/ckTWaivK8n https://t.co/PhpLvX2dsm” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2021, from https://twitter.com/SamWangPhD/status/1438361144759132167

Global study estimates 1.5 million children have lost a caregiver from COVID-19 | Imperial News | Imperial College London. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/226833/global-study-estimates-15-million-children/

Axios-Ipsos poll: 60% voters back Biden COVID vaccine mandates—Axios. (n.d.). Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.axios.com/axios-ipsos-poll-covid-vaccine-mandates-biden-c0b7af63-6de0-4ec2-82bf-fb85e3e021ea.html

Nearly 300% more Covid patients in US hospitals at weekend than a year ago | US news | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/07/us-covid-patients-hospitals-surge

David Dowdy on Twitter: “@NEJM joining the waning immunity debate. I’m going to push back a bit. Data from @UCSDHealth of vax effectiveness in health workers: 94% in June, 65% in July. Interpreted as ‘likely to be due to...delta and waning immunity over time, compounded by end of masking requirements.’ https://t.co/flDOfBbTs7” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/davidwdowdy/status/1433254675915157504?s=20

Bracher, J., Wolffram, D., Deuschel, J., Görgen, K., Ketterer, J. L., Ullrich, A., Abbott, S., Barbarossa, M. V., Bertsimas, D., Bhatia, S., Bodych, M., Bosse, N. I., Burgard, J. P., Castro, L., Fairchild, G., Fuhrmann, J., Funk, S., Gogolewski, K., Gu, Q., … Xu, F. T. (2021). A pre-registered short-term forecasting study of COVID-19 in Germany and Poland during the second wave. Nature Communications, 12(1), 5173. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25207-0

Derek Thompson on Twitter: “um, https://t.co/bW1iItRtag” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2021, from https://twitter.com/DKThomp/status/1432708125971333125

Tim Plante, MD MHS on Twitter: “Just reported: About half of recent ICU patients with #Covid19 in #Vermont are vaccinated. Sounds like the vaccines aren’t working, right? WRONG. Vaccines are working and here’s why. But first, let’s talk a bit about unprotected sex. A thread. (Refs at the end.) 1/n https://t.co/iyQcfCDAfh” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2021, from https://twitter.com/tbplante/status/1430222978961317896

Prof. Christina Pagel on Twitter: “THREAD latest on B.1.617.2 variant in England: B.1.617.2 (1st discovered in India) is now dominant in England. Here is a thread summarising latest PHE report and Sanger local data. TLDR: it is NOT good news. 1/7” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 24, 2021, from https://twitter.com/chrischirp/status/1399333330286415876

(2) David Fisman on Twitter: “Here’s some really simple modeling that hopefully will help provide some insight into why having a large, unvaccinated minority in Ontario is a problem for the population as a whole.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 23, 2021, from https://twitter.com/DFisman/status/1427940663925092354

Are 7 French fries too many?. A causal inference explainer | by Ellie Murray | Medium. (n.d.). Retrieved August 22, 2021, from https://medium.com/@EpiEllie/are-7-french-fries-too-many-d6226e78dc1f

Vaccine resistance rooted in ideology, new survey shows: News: The Media School. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://mediaschool.indiana.edu/news-events/news/item.html?n=vaccine-resistance-rooted-in-ideology-new-survey-shows

These Israeli COVID-19 graphs prove Pfizer vaccine works—Israel News—Haaretz.com. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-covid-graphs-prove-vaccines-works-delta-pfizer-1.10101640

Youyang Gu on Twitter: “People were worried cases would spike further when the UK lifted almost all remaining restrictions in July. The opposite happened. We must acknowledge that restrictions aren’t all that effective in Western countries. (Except Australia, who just entered their 6th lockdown) https://t.co/l7tygXQqn7” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://twitter.com/youyanggu/status/1423415277765734402

André Picard on Twitter: “Most of those numbers are in the column, which focuses on a) the risk of the Delta variant to children under 12 and b) the 29% of Canadians who are not fully vaccinated. Brace yourself for more COVID-19 nastiness https://t.co/V0agVYvKRx” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://twitter.com/picardonhealth/status/1425316861176995840

Feinberg, M. E. (2021). Family Foundations effects during a pandemic: 10 year follow-up [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4jx9a

https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-p-value-criticized-And-what-are-the-possible-alternatives/answers/202325729

Lucy D’Agostino McGowan. “I’ve Seen a Lot Today about How Effective the Vaccines Are; Mistakes aside, Lots of Folks Seem to Be Mixing up Which Denominators Matter - Good Thing Statisticians LOVE Denominators 🥰 1/6 Https://T.Co/ZAWpWs2gNK.” Tweet. @LucyStats (blog), July 20, 2021. https://twitter.com/LucyStats/status/1417275249318666243.

Covid-19 news: Pregnant women in England urged to get vaccinated | New Scientist. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2237475-covid-19-news-pregnant-women-in-england-urged-to-get-vaccinated/

Sir Patrick Vallance on Twitter: “Correcting a statistic I gave at the press conference today, 19 July. About 60% of hospitalisations from covid are not from double vaccinated people, rather 60% of hospitalisations from covid are currently from unvaccinated people.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2021, from https://twitter.com/uksciencechief/status/1417204235356213252

Benjy Renton on Twitter: “Over half of those who answered ‘wait and see’ to @KFF’s vaccine poll in January have now received the vaccine. So what changed their mind? - Seeing friends and family without side effects—Doctors and healthcare providers encouraging them https://t.co/iRxWp2BLTQ https://t.co/XStHV975Qt” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2021, from https://twitter.com/bhrenton/status/1415163661291819008?s=20

John Thornhill on Twitter: “Good news: Vaccine hesitancy collapses Smart data analysis from @TheEconomist https://t.co/cQcajRtEM6 https://t.co/IWIbUsEFXG” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://twitter.com/johnthornhillft/status/1418510295241269248

Why are fully vaccinated people testing positive for Covid? | Financial Times. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28, 2021, from https://www.ft.com/content/0f11b219-0f1b-420e-8188-6651d1e749ff

What is behind the latest fall in cases of Covid across the UK? | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/26/what-is-behind-the-latest-fall-in-cases-of-covid-across-the-uk

Romero, P., Mikiya, Y., Nakatsuma, T., Fitz, S., & Koch, T. (2021). Modelling Personality Change During Extreme Exogenous Conditions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rtmjw

Why crowded meetings and conference rooms make you so, so tired—The Washington Post. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/06/06/why-crowded-meetings-conference-rooms-make-you-so-so-tired/

Baker, N., & Mallapaty, S. (2021). Coronapod: Kids’ role in the future of COVID. Nature, d41586-021-01910–01912. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01910-2

Seong, E., Noh, G., Lee, K. H., Lee, J.-S., Kim, S., Seo, D. G., Yoo, J. H., Hwang, H., Choi, C.-H., Han, D. H., Hong, S.-B., & Kim, J.-W. (2021). Relationship of Social and Behavioral Characteristics to Suicidality in Community Adolescents With Self-Harm: Considering Contagion and Connection on Social Media. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 691438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691438

Iacob, C. I., Ionescu, D., Avram, E., & Cojocaru, D. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic Worry and Vaccination Intention: The Mediating Role of the Health Belief Model Components. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 674018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674018

(((Howard Forman))) on Twitter: “Cases represented similarly. Https://t.co/hBYBP78dRG” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2021, from https://twitter.com/thehowie/status/1415301861842763778

Adam Kucharski on Twitter: “As Delta spreads, cases starting to rise again across Europe... Https://t.co/mwyFVlUPVY” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2021, from https://twitter.com/AdamJKucharski/status/1412498377619673095

UNAIDS Data Dashboard https://kpatlas.unaids.org/dashboard

Mallapaty, S. (2021). Will COVID become a disease of the young? Nature, d41586-021-01862–01867. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01862-7

Delta variant said to be far more widespread than federal estimates—POLITICO. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2021, from https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/08/delta-coronavirus-variant-widespread-498787?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter

Castro, M. C., Gurzenda, S., Turra, C. M., Kim, S., Andrasfay, T., & Goldman, N. (2021). Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z

Helen McArdle on Twitter: “The good news: An astonishing 98.2% of over-60s in Scotland are now fully vaccinated. That’s an amazing uptake. It doesn’t mean they are 100% protected of course (and especially not when case rates are high) but their risk of hospitalisation/death is cut by over 90% https://t.co/DzAxkpLvcR” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2021, from https://twitter.com/HMcArdleHT/status/1409821893557768195

RichardBrown on Twitter: “@Richard_Florida Still pretty slow recovery in London too @nicolegelinas. Https://t.co/nH9FOpV386” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://twitter.com/MinorPlaces/status/1407018950714605574

Telegraph suggests 9% of England dies each year—Full Fact. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://fullfact.org/health/telegraph-suggests-9-england-dies-each-year/

Jeremy Faust MD MS (ER physician) on Twitter: “Number of Covid cases among children in US: >4 million. Number of Covid deaths in US children: 300-400. Number of kids vaccinated: 7 million. Number of kids who died from vaccine-related myocarditis: Zero. #vaccinate @bhrenton @RickABright @angie_rasmussen @celinegounder” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2021, from https://twitter.com/jeremyfaust/status/1408880589319647243?s=20

Jeffrey Ely on Twitter: “The base-rate fallacy is about to become a daily nuisance when it comes to processing outbreak data in highly vaccinated societies. Here’s a cautionary tale.” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2021, from https://twitter.com/Jeffely/status/1408500890999328770

Knock, E. S., Whittles, L. K., Lees, J. A., Perez-Guzman, P. N., Verity, R., FitzJohn, R. G., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., Imai, N., Hinsley, W., Okell, L. C., Rosello, A., Kantas, N., Walters, C. E., Bhatia, S., Watson, O. J., Whittaker, C., Cattarino, L., Boonyasiri, A., Djaafara, B. A., … Baguelin, M. (2021). Key epidemiological drivers and impact of interventions in the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in England. Science Translational Medicine, eabg4262. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abg4262

Persoon, P. G. J. (2021). Cumulative structure and path length in networks of knowledge. ArXiv:2106.10480 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10480

Long Covid: Snapshot poll finds more than 1m people with symptoms in UK | Long Covid | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/01/long-covid-snapshot-poll-finds-million-people-symptoms-uk?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other

Reis, E. F. dos, & Masuda, N. (2021). Metapopulation models imply non-Poissonian statistics of interevent times. ArXiv:2106.10348 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.10348

3M State of Science Index | How People Feel About Science (US). (n.d.). Retrieved 18 June 2021, from https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/state-of-science-index-survey/

Burton, J. W., Cruz, N., & Hahn, U. (2021). Reconsidering evidence of moral contagion in online social networks. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01133-5

Young people demand vaccination requirements for reopening—Axios. (n.d.). Retrieved May 29, 2021, from https://www.axios.com/vaccination-work-school-reopening-poll-7e8c2e4e-54b4-4831-8e51-146f13a26ca3.html

Data Collection and Integration to Enhance Public Health Registration, Thu, Jun 10, 2021 at 1:00 PM | Eventbrite. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.eventbrite.com/e/data-collection-and-integration-to-enhance-public-health-registration-156146370999

Mizutaka, S., Mori, K., & Hasegawa, T. (2021). Synergistic epidemic spreading in correlated networks. ArXiv:2105.08992 [Physics, q-Bio]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08992

This seems like an interesting area to look into further.

Two cited sources here:

• 1. Butler-Kisber L. Butler-Kisber L. (2010). Qualitative inquiry: Thematic, narrative and arts-informed perspectives. London: Sage. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.3.226 pmid:20571157
• 1. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006;3(2):77–101. pmid:32100154 https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Delve into these techniques.

Brains On! (2021, May 3). What does 95% effective mean for a vaccine? We head to a stadium to learn! Warning: There are seagulls overhead! (Big thanks to @mariasundaram for help with this video!) Learn more about the #vaccines find family-friendly #coronavirus explainers at https://t.co/Zo9nORLEdI https://t.co/erPYnoKuZC [Tweet]. @Brains_On. https://twitter.com/Brains_On/status/1389293681669152769

Reproduction number (R) and growth rate: Methodology—GOV.UK. (n.d.). Retrieved May 13, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reproduction-number-r-and-growth-rate-methodology/reproduction-number-r-and-growth-rate-methodology

The ‘Learning Bayesian Statistics’ podcast. (n.d.). Retrieved 13 May 2021, from https://www.learnbayesstats.com

Winton Centre Cambridge. (n.d.). Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://wintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk/news/latest-data-mhra-blood-clots-associated-astra-zeneca-covid-19-vaccine/

Adjiwanou, V., Alam, N., Alkema, L., Asiki, G., Bawah, A., Béguy, D., Cetorelli, V., Dube, A., Feehan, D., Fisker, A. B., Gage, A., Garcia, J., Gerland, P., Guillot, M., Gupta, A., Haider, M. M., Helleringer, S., Jasseh, M., Kabudula, C., … You, D. (2020). Measuring excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and lower-middle income countries: The need for mobile phone surveys [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4bu3q

Luppi, F., Arpino, B., & Rosina, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on fertility plans in Italy, Germany, France, Spain and UK [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wr9jb

The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data. (2020, May 7). Opportunity Insights. https://opportunityinsights.org/paper/tracker/

Stephen Senn. (19:12:01 UTC). De Finetti meets Popper [Data & Analytics]. https://www.slideshare.net/StephenSenn1/de-finetti-meets-popper

Park, J. J. H., Ford, N., Xavier, D., Ashorn, P., Grais, R. F., Bhutta, Z. A., Goossens, H., Thorlund, K., Socias, M. E., & Mills, E. J. (2021). Randomised trials at the level of the individual. The Lancet Global Health, 9(5), e691–e700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30540-4

Nisreen Alwan: We must pay more attention to covid-19 morbidity in the second year of the pandemic. (2021, February 3). The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/02/03/nisreen-alwan-we-must-pay-more-attention-to-covid-19-morbidity-in-the-second-year-of-the-pandemic/

Hernán, M. A., Clayton, D., & Keiding, N. (2011). The Simpson’s paradox unraveled. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(3), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr041

Benjy Renton on Twitter: “For those who are wondering: There is a slight association (r = 0.34) between the percentage a county voted for Trump in 2020 and estimated hesitancy levels. As @JReinerMD mentioned, GOP state, county and local levels need to do their part to promote vaccination. Https://t.co/ZY2lUqHgLd” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2021, from https://twitter.com/bhrenton/status/1382330404586274817

Indian expansion of Covid vaccine drive may further strain supplies | India | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/19/indian-expansion-of-covid-vaccine-drive-may-further-strain-supplies

Fears frontline NHS staff are refusing to get Covid vaccine | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/17/fears-frontline-nhs-staff-are-refusing-to-get-covid-vaccine

ReconfigBehSci. ‘RT @kareem_carr: PSA: When You Say "there Were 6 Cases in 6.8 Million Doses Therefore We Can Expect about 1 in a Million Incidents Going Fo…’. Tweet. @SciBeh (blog), 15 April 2021. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1382620714633732097.