Kaplan, Edward H, Dennis Wang, Mike Wang, Amyn A Malik, Alessandro Zulli, and Jordan H Peccia. ‘Aligning SARS-CoV-2 Indicators via an Epidemic Model: Application to Hospital Admissions and RNA Detection in Sewage Sludge’. Preprint. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS), 29 June 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.27.20141739.

Carl Heneghan on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://twitter.com/carlheneghan/status/1309905734403002369

COVID-19 and the Politics of Reproductive Health: Global Perspectives. (2020, August 18). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kex9O_cwMwo

Wilkinson, Jack, Kellyn F. Arnold, Eleanor J. Murray, Maarten van Smeden, Kareem Carr, Rachel Sippy, Marc de Kamps, et al. ‘Time to Reality Check the Promises of Machine Learning-Powered Precision Medicine’. The Lancet Digital Health 0, no. 0 (16 September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30200-4.

Torres, Irene, Osvaldo Artaza, Barbara Profeta, Cristina Alonso, and JaHyun Kang. ‘COVID-19 Vaccination: Returning to WHO’s Health For All’. The Lancet Global Health 0, no. 0 (25 September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30415-0.

Krammer, Florian. ‘SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Development’. Nature, 23 September 2020, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3.

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direct relation of results to health (not necessarily worker productivity however)

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Academic professors are acknowledging their students well-being which is important and shows care from both sides of the professor and student. This allows the student know that even though the professor is mainly involved with education, they still care.

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Sueki, H., & Ueda, M. (2020). Short-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal ideation: A prospective cohort study. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3jevh

Take away: Mass infection without vaccination to achieve herd immunity will result in millions of deaths based on the observed death rate and may not result in herd immunity due to virus mutation. Historically, vaccination results in less deaths than the disease.

The claim: Herd immunity from widespread disease instead of vaccination will lead to many people dying.

The evidence: Approximately 50-67% of a given population is estimated to need to be infected for herd immunity to COVID-19 to exist which will result in millions of deaths. This is supported by additional publications (1, 2). This number assumes that the virus will not mutate to the point where re-infection is possible. If mutation occurs, COVID could become established in the general population similar to influenza or the common cold (3). A third publication estimates a needed infected percentage of 29-74% (4). These publications support the statement that millions will die if herd immunity is achieved via infection without vaccination. Historically, vaccination results in fewer deaths/disease on a population level than the disease for which the vaccine is designed to prevent (5-7).

Sources:

1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314002/

2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262166/pdf/JMV-9999-na.pdf

3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164482/

4 https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A1480DAE803D4CD4A3E9F79B82309584/S1935789320001913a.pdf/covid19_reflections.pdf

5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28708957/

6 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29668817/

7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12531323/

• Short-term treatments like a massage, or just resting for a bit, reduce stress by boosting the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
• Relaxation therapies show promise as a way to treat stress, but so far scientists haven’t developed a standardised method to test them - until now.
• This study is the first standardised approach, and the results show that both rest and a massage increase heart rate variability (HRV) - higher HRV = greater relaxation.
• Researchers say this shows we don’t need professional treatment in order to relax, even a 10-minute rest can boost our PNS and calm us down.
• These conclusions will enable further experiments to study how different relaxation methods can help people with stress-related conditions like depression

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Racine, S. E., Miller, A. E., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2020, September 14). Examining Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ys8fn

Austin S. (2020) This Lawyer Ran Errands for His High-Risk Wife. Then an Epidemiologist Rated His Every Move.https://elemental.medium.com/this-lawyer-ran-errands-for-his-high-risk-wife-then-an-epidemiologist-rated-his-every-move-f9a926ad96ec

Kubo, T., Sugawara, D., & Masuyama, A. (2020). The effect of ego-resiliency and COVID-19-related stress on mental health among the Japanese population. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/up6c3

Take away: People are infectious for only part of the time they test positive. The tests for COVID-19 were granted emergency status by the FDA so some debate concerning the most ideal number of cycles is to be expected. It is worth noting that the FDA has the disclaimer "Negative results do not preclude 2019-nCoV infection and should not be used as the sole basis for treatment or other patient management decisions. Negative results must be combined with clinical observations, patient history, and epidemiological information (2)."

The claim: Up to 90 percent of people diagnosed with coronavirus may not be carrying enough of it to infect anyone else

The evidence: Per Walsh et al. (1), SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) is most likely infectious if the number of PCR cycles is <24 and the symptom onset to test is <8 days. RT-PCR detects the RNA, not the infectious virus. Therefore, setting the cycle threshold at 37-40 cycles will most likely result in detecting some samples with virus which is not infectious. As the PCR tests were granted emergency use by the FDA (samples include 2-9), it is not surprising that some debate exists currently about where the cycle threshold should be. Thresholds need to be set and validated for dozens of PCR tests currently in use. If identifying only infectious individuals is the goal, a lower cycle number may be justified. If detection of as many cases as possible to get closer to the most accurate death rate is the goal, setting the cycle threshold at 37-40 makes sense. A lower threshold will result in fewer COVID-19 positive samples being identified. It is worth noting that the emergency use approval granted by the FDA includes the disclaimer that a negative test does not guarantee that a person is not infected with COVID-19. RNA degrades easily. If samples are not kept cold or properly processed, the virus can degrade and result in a false negative result.

Source: 1 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa638/5842165

2 https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download

3 https://www.fda.gov/media/138150/download

4 https://www.fda.gov/media/137120/download

5 https://www.fda.gov/media/136231/download

6 https://www.fda.gov/media/136472/download

7 https://www.fda.gov/media/139279/download

8 https://www.fda.gov/media/136314/download

9 https://www.fda.gov/media/140776/download

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