This is actually more generous than what many Europeans are taking home as part of their old-age pension benefits.
Most European earn less, during their working lifetimes and in retirement, but are not burdened by healthcare costs and the high cost of living in the US--which is the third highest worldwide, following Israel and Iceland.
Austen never married and remained financially dependent on her family, despite earning a meager but noteworthy wage of £684 for the four novels she published during her lifetime. (Persuasion and Northanger Abbey were published posthumously.) "She was proud of the money she earned, but it wasn't enough to subsist on," Looser says.
Milanovic predicted the gap between Western workers and those indeveloping countries would mean huge migratory pressure as peoplemoved to higher-wage countries
Milanovic, Branko. The Haves and the Have-Nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality. 1st edition. New York: Basic Books, 2010.
Marriages are more likely to end in divorce when the wife makes more money than the husband. Male unemployment, for example, raises the risk of divorce.
for - Christine Wamsler - Lund University - homepage - from - youtube - Mindfulness World Community - Awareness, Care and Sustainability for Our Earth - https://hyp.is/GCUJ1APHEfCcr_vvv3lAFw/www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTUc_0GroGM
to - paper - An Interdisciplinary Model to Foster Existential Resilience and Transformation
to - paper - Engaging high-income earners in climate action : Policy insights from survey experiments
to - paper - Revolutionising sustainability leadership and education : addressing the human dimension to support flourishing, culture and system transformation
to - The System Within : Addressing the inner dimensions of sustainability and systems change
research areas - sustainable cities - collaborative governance - city-citizen collaboration - citizen participation - sustainability and wellbeing - sustainability transformation - inner development goals - inner transformation - inner transition - existential sustainability
$38 million for the top 0.1%; $10 million for next 0.9% (the rest of the top 1%) $1.8 million for next 9% (rest of top 10%) $165,382 next 40% (rest of top half) 0$ for the bottom 50%
for - inequality - stats - global income thresholds for top 0.1% to bottom 50%
inequality - stats - global income thresholds for top 0.1% to bottom 50% - top 0.1% - $38,000,000 - next 0.9% below - $10,000,000 (rest of top 1%) - next 9% below - $ 1,800,000 (rest of top 10%) - next 40% below - $165,382 (rest of top 50%) - bottom 50% - $0
for - study - carbon inequality and income inequality, 2024
Income volatility, the extent to which paychecks grow orshrink over short periods of time, has doubled since 1970.
Desmond, Matthew. Poverty, by America. 1st ed. New York: Crown, 2023. https://amzn.to/40Aqzlp
Annotation URL: urn:x-pdf:eefd847a2a1723651d1d863de5153292
Alternate annotation link: https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?user=chrisaldrich&max=100&exactTagSearch=true&expanded=true&url=urn%3Ax-pdf%3Aeefd847a2a1723651d1d863de5153292
One of the advantages of an institution is that it says you're hired by us. We're going to take care of all the rest.
This is why we are raising the money - to offer this benign parenting support of helping us all to pay for what we need so that we do what we love For now, I am using thew term Universal Learning Income
44:17 Private Balance + Government Balance + Foreign Balance = 0 (I-S)+(G-T)+(X-M)=0
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“In a few months’ time, this government will not be accountable for the severe consequences that may follow from the Schiphol decision, particularly with respect to relations with the Netherlands’ trading partners, and lost jobs and prosperity at home,”
Remember ChatGPT? It is going to do to the white collar world what robotics and offshoring did to blue collar America. So maybe this isn't the best time to be abandoning the Humanities to focus on vocational training?
This is one of the things that doesn't seem to be being explored enough presently, or at least I'm not seeing it outside of the SAG and WGA strikes where it seems to be a side issue rather than a primary issue.
https://robertreich.substack.com/p/welcome-to-my-class
Robert Reich course “Wealth and Poverty” 2023
Labor in a fully func-tioning Ecological Civilization will include three essentialelements.
The spiritual labor required to continuously renew our sense of individual and collective connection to all that is.
comment
Consistent with previous research39, vaccine resistance was associated with lower income in the UK and Ireland with all earning categories below the highest income bracket associated with COVID-19 vaccine resistance.
Rent is another term for unearned income.
Quotable.
Consider another example—education. It is true that in most countries, asin the United States, a higher level of educational attainment is typically as-sociated with a lower risk of economic insecurity. But the penalties associatedwith low levels of educational attainment, and the rewards associated with highlevels of attainment, vary significantly by country. Full-time workers without ahigh school degree in Finland, for instance, report the same earnings as thosewith a high school degree. In the United States, however, these workers ex-perience a 24 percent earnings penalty for not completing high school.23 InNorway, a college degree yields only a 20 percent earnings increase over a highschool degree for full-time workers, versus a much higher 68 percent increase inthe United States.24 The percentage of those with a high school degree earningat or below the poverty threshold is more than 4 times higher in the UnitedStates than in Belgium.25
The US penalizes those who don't complete high school to a higher degree than other countries and this can tend to lower our economic resiliency.
American exceptionalism at play?
Another factor at play with respect to https://hypothes.is/a/2uAmuEENEe2KentYKORSww
Results indicate that between the ages of 20 and75 years, nearly 60 percent of Americans will experience living for at least 1 yearbelow the official poverty line, while three-fourths of Americans will encounterpoverty or near- poverty (150 percent below the official poverty line).4
Mark Rank and Thomas Hirschl's research based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) using risk assessments using life tables show that nearly 60 percent of Americans between 20 and 75 will live for at least 1 year below the poverty line and 75% of Americans will encounter poverty or near-poverty (defined as 150 percent below the official poverty line).
Cross reference:<br /> Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl, “The Likelihood of Experiencing Relative Poverty Across the Life Course,” PLoS One 10 (2015): E01333513.
Income inequality refers to how wide or narrow the overall distribution of an-nual income is.5
Herman, B. (2021, July 12). Most unvaccinated people have low incomes. Axios. https://www.axios.com/covid-vaccines-low-income-poor-workers-58698275-0451-4158-a967-37189dbf673c.html
London, U. C. (2021, December 13). Unwillingness to have booster vaccine most common in groups with highest infection rates. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-12-unwillingness-booster-vaccine-common-groups.html
Feinmann, J. (2021). Covid-19: Global vaccine production is a mess and shortages are down to more than just hoarding. BMJ, 375, n2375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2375
Cortellessa, E., & Wolfe, L. (2021, October 15). Why Is the U.S. Hoarding Hundreds of Millions of COVID Vaccines? Washington Monthly - Politics. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2021/10/15/why-is-the-u-s-hoarding-hundreds-of-millions-of-covid-vaccines/
Brunson EK, Schoch-Spana M, Carnes M, Hosangadi D, Long R, Ravi S, Taylor M, Trotochaud M, Veenema TG, on behalf of the CommuniVax Coalition. Carrying Equity in COVID-19 Vaccination Forward: Guidance Informed by Communities of Color. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security; 2021.
Let us briefly discuss three specific examples of concepts that seem particularly promising for theprospect of ‘good enough world’ and could become synergistically interrelated: (a) the social policy ofunconditional basic income, (b) the development of blockchains and (c) the idea of the offer networks
!- claim : examples of a good enough world * Universal Basic Income (UBI) * Blockchain * Offer network
he innovation must modulate the behaviour of the decision-produced socialorganization such that this will result in the realisation of the ‘good enough’ relationship betweenhumans and social systems, that is, it will secure the organic and psychological continuity of thehuman being unconditionally and specifically, irrespective to the continuity of their personware.
!- in other words : enoughness * Universal Basic Income (UBI)
Between 1914 and 1980, inequalities in income and wealth decreasedmarkedly in the Western world as a whole (the United Kingdom,Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States), and in Japan,Russia, China, and India, although in different ways, which we willexplore in a later chapter. Here we will focus on the Western countriesand improve our understanding of how this “great redistribution”took place.
Inequalities in income and wealth decreased markedly in the West from 1914 to 1980 due to a number of factors including:<br /> - Two World Wars and the Great Depression dramatically overturned the power relationships between labor and capital<br /> - A progressive tax on income and inheritance reduced the concentration of wealth and helped increase mobility<br /> - Liquidation of foreign and colonial assets as well as dissolution of public debt
Julia Raifman. (2021, July 25). Policymakers are pointing fingers at “the unvaccinated” What if they gave them a hand instead? - Bring vax & food to workplaces, schools, homes -Fund local doctors, including pediatricians, to call patients & deliver vax—Learn from success of Indian Health Service approach [Tweet]. @JuliaRaifman. https://twitter.com/JuliaRaifman/status/1419288641885593604
Mckeever, A. (n.d.). COVID-19 variants will keep coming until everyone can access vaccines. Retrieved February 20, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/covid-19-variants-will-keep-coming-until-everyone-can-access-vaccines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM
And this was from 2012... I wonder how much worse it is today?
Kirby, J. (2021, December 23). Omicron collides with a struggling global vaccination campaign. Vox. https://www.vox.com/22846774/omicron-global-vaccines-covronavirus-covid-19
DrPH, M. D. H., M. D. (2022, January 11). The Folly of School Openings as a Zero-Sum Game. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/api/content/4a1fc36e-7263-11ec-9e7d-12f1225286c6/
Biden officials now fear booster programs will limit global vaccine supply. (n.d.). POLITICO. Retrieved 3 January 2022, from https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/31/biden-novavax-production-covid-omicron-526283
After all, imagine we framed the problem differently, the way itmight have been fifty or 100 years ago: as the concentration ofcapital, or oligopoly, or class power. Compared to any of these, aword like ‘inequality’ sounds like it’s practically designed toencourage half-measures and compromise. It’s possible to imagineoverthrowing capitalism or breaking the power of the state, but it’snot clear what eliminating inequality would even mean. (Which kindof inequality? Wealth? Opportunity? Exactly how equal would peoplehave to be in order for us to be able to say we’ve ‘eliminatedinequality’?) The term ‘inequality’ is a way of framing social problemsappropriate to an age of technocratic reformers, who assume fromthe outset that no real vision of social transformation is even on thetable.
A major problem with fighting to "level the playing field" and removing "inequality" is that it doesn't have a concrete feel. What exactly would it mean to eliminate inequality? What measures would one implement? To fix such a problem the issue needs to be better defined. How can the issue be better framed so that it could be fought for or against?
The Left’s Covid failure. (2021, November 23). UnHerd. https://unherd.com/2021/11/the-lefts-covid-failure/
Holder, Josh. ‘Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World’. The New York Times, 29 January 2021, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html.
France-Presse, A. (2021, November 17). Pfizer strikes deal to allow generic versions of its Covid pill for world’s poor. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/nov/17/pfizer-strikes-deal-to-allow-generic-versions-of-its-covid-pill-for-worlds-poor
Scott, Jake, Aaron Richterman, and Muge Cevik. ‘Covid-19 Vaccination: Evidence of Waning Immunity Is Overstated’. BMJ 374 (23 September 2021): n2320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2320.
Jannot, A.-S., Countouris, H., Straaten, A. V., Burgun, A., Katsahian, S., & Rance, B. (2021). Low-income neighbourhood was a key determinant of severe COVID-19 incidence during the first wave of the epidemic in Paris. J Epidemiol Community Health, 75(12), 1143–1146. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-216068
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, November 4). RT @DrTedros: We continue to hear excuses about why low-income countries have only received 0.4% of #COVID19 vaccines: 1. They can’t absorb… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1456588731155165189
Schreiber, M. (2021, October 16). US throws out millions of doses of Covid vaccine as world goes wanting. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/16/us-throws-out-millions-doses-covid-vaccine-world-shortages
BK Titanji #ILookLikeAScientist. (2021, November 2). I simply can’t get over this graph @FT https://t.co/Uozp7yBs9n [Tweet]. @Boghuma. https://twitter.com/Boghuma/status/1455493059534376963
Gates Foundation Offers $4 Million to Fix Syringe Shortage for Covid Shots. (2021, November 4). Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-04/gates-takes-on-next-barrier-to-rolling-out-covid-shots-syringes
Skimmed opening paragraphs in physical newspaper. Want to revisit. This sounds like the sort of "pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps" that actually works.
‘They rushed the process’: Vaccine maker’s woes hamper global inoculation campaign. (n.d.). POLITICO. Retrieved 25 October 2021, from https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/19/novavax-vaccine-rush-process-global-campaign-516298
Groff, D., Sun, A., Ssentongo, A. E., Ba, D. M., Parsons, N., Poudel, G. R., Lekoubou, A., Oh, J. S., Ericson, J. E., Ssentongo, P., & Chinchilli, V. M. (2021). Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2128568. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568
ReconfigBehSci. (2021, July 6). RT @mvankerkhove: I’m struggling with how best to stress how fragile the global situation is, so I’ll be blunt: Each week >2.6 million cas… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1412416348676820992
The Death Rate of Covid-19 in Developing Countries | by Gideon M-K; Health Nerd | Oct, 2021 | Elemental. (n.d.). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from https://elemental.medium.com/the-death-rate-of-covid-19-in-developing-countries-cc17a55c73cd
Maxmen, Amy. ‘The Fight to Manufacture COVID Vaccines in Lower-Income Countries’. Nature 597, no. 7877 (15 September 2021): 455–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02383-z.
Lower-income countries are letting far fewer COVID-19 vaccine doses expire than wealthier nations | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2021, from https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/lower-income-countries-are-letting-far-fewer-covid-19-vaccine-doses-expire
Shih, S.-F., Wagner, A. L., Masters, N. B., Prosser, L. A., Lu, Y., & Zikmund-Fisher, B. J. (2021). Vaccine Hesitancy and Rejection of a Vaccine for the Novel Coronavirus in the United States. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 558270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.558270
Skinner, A., & Raifman, J. (n.d.). Biden’s pandemic plan overlooks mask mandates and vulnerable populations. The Conversation. Retrieved 13 September 2021, from http://theconversation.com/bidens-pandemic-plan-overlooks-mask-mandates-and-vulnerable-populations-167667
In our case, a system intended to expand equality has become an enforcer of inequality. Americans are now meritocrats by birth. We know this, but because it violates our fundamental beliefs, we go to a lot of trouble not to know it.
Class stratification helps to create not only racist policies but policies that enforce the economic stratification and prevent upward (or downward) mobility.
I believe downward mobility is much simpler for Black Americans (find reference to OTM podcast about Obama to back this up).
How can we create social valves (similar to those in the circulatory system of our legs) that help to push people up and maintain them at certain levels without disadvantaging those who are still at the bottom and who may neither want to move up nor have the ability?
Kozlov, M. (2021). COVID vaccines have higher approval in less-affluent countries. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01987-9
Leah McElrath 🏳️🌈. (2021, July 12). One reason the right-wing outrage machine is focused on attacking Biden’s plan for door-to door outreach isn’t because they actually fear confiscation of guns or Bibles. It’s because they don’t want poor people to have access to life-saving vaccinations. Https://t.co/GnZMmlBfqK [Tweet]. @leahmcelrath. https://twitter.com/leahmcelrath/status/1414660179061264388
Residents of districts won by Democrats generate 22% more output per worker, and have a 15% higher median household income.
Rodebaugh, T., Frumkin, M., Garg, R., LaGesse, L., McQueen, A., & Kreuter, M. (2021). Perceived vaccine safety over time in a vaccine hesitant sample: Impact of pausing due to safety concerns. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/csfte
Nakamura-Pereira, M., Andreucci, C. B., Menezes, M. de O., Knobel, R., & Takemoto, M. L. S. (2020). Worldwide maternal deaths due to COVID-19: A brief review. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151(1), 148–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13328
The impact of this exclusion itself is impossible to measure, but increasing meritocratic inequality has coincided with the opioid epidemic, a sharp increase in “deaths of despair,” and an unprecedented fall in life expectancy concentrated in poor and middle-class communities.
Are these all actually related to meritocratic inequality? What other drivers might there be?
Meritocratic inequality works like this: First, elite workers acquire super-skilled jobs, displacing middle-class labor from the center of economic production. Then, those elite workers use their massive incomes to monopolize elite education for their children, ensuring that their offspring are more qualified to dominate high-skilled industries than their middle-class counterparts. The cycle continues, generating what Markovits calls “snowball inequality”: a compounding feedback loop that amplifies economic inequality, dramatically suppresses social mobility, and creates a “time divide” between an elite class whose members work longer and longer (due to a higher demand for their talents) and an increasingly idle middle class (whose work has been made redundant).
This all seems logical and certainly plays a part, but I still think it's more complicated. This is a feedback "engine" that has been installed since ~1970 and exacerbated by the 1980s.
There's likely still a leisure class above this compounding the effects.
Some argue that the American elite is functionally an old-fashioned aristocracy that owes its income to nepotism and opportunism. Others argue that the elite is functionally an oligarchy that owes its rising income to a shift away from labor and toward capital. According to this view, elites don’t even need nepotism — they are using preexisting wealth and inheritance to rebuild an old-fashioned feudal class.
So much here to unpack...
Hussaini, Syed M. Qasim. “A Prescription for Fair Housing during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (May 25, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00257-7.
Vaccinate vulnerable global poor before children in rich countries, WHO says | Coronavirus | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/14/vaccinate-vulnerable-global-poor-before-rich-children-who-says
Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. “Will Waiving Vaccine Patents End ‘vaccine Nationalism?’ | DW | 06.05.2021.” DW.COM. Accessed May 14, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/will-waiving-vaccine-patents-end-vaccine-nationalism/a-57446939.
The new model is very much influenced by prudent bank regulation and the aim to reduce income smoothing
Il y a un peu confusion des genres. Certes le nouveau modèle est influencé par les pratiques du secteur bancaire. Le G20 ayant sommé le Board de l'IAS de revoir sa copie suite à la crise financière, c'est un peu logique. Cela dit c'est un grand pas de l'IASB car le normalisateur comptable ne souhaitait pas "sectoriser" la norme comptable. Cependant ce sont les établissements financiers qui utilisent le plus la norme sur les instruments financiers (IFRS9).
Abbasi, K. (2021). Covid-19: India’s crisis is everyone’s crisis. BMJ, n1152. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1152
Maxmen, A. (2021). Will COVID force public health to confront America’s epic inequality?. Nature, 592(7856), 674-680.
Ozawa, S., Clark, S., Portnoy, A., Grewal, S., Brenzel, L., & Walker, D. G. (2016). Return On Investment From Childhood Immunization In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, 2011–20. Health Affairs, 35(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086
correspondent, S. W. E. (2021, January 21). Home schooling is widening attainment gap between rich and poor, finds report. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2021/jan/21/home-schooling-is-widening-attainment-gap-between-rich-and-poor-finds-report
Mullard, A. (2020). How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6
Elgar, F. J., Stefaniak, A., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2020). The trouble with trust: Time-series analysis of social capital, income inequality, and COVID-19 deaths in 84 countries. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113365
Sy, Karla Therese L., Laura F. White, and Brooke E. Nichols. ‘Population Density and Basic Reproductive Number of COVID-19 across United States Counties’. PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (21 April 2021): e0249271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249271.
You'll need to have paid more sales tax than state and local tax to take this deduction.
You'll usually only take this sales tax deduction if you live in a state that doesn't have state income tax, but it's available to everyone.
Spiro, Neta, Rosie Perkins, Sasha Kaye, Urszula Tymoszuk, Adele Mason-Bertrand, Isabelle Cossette, Solange Glasser, and Aaron Williamon. ‘The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown 1.0 on Working Patterns, Income, and Wellbeing Among Performing Arts Professionals in the United Kingdom (April–June 2020)’. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594086.
Vaughan, A. (n.d.). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy in poorest countries is lower than in US. New Scientist. Retrieved 25 March 2021, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2271540-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in-poorest-countries-is-lower-than-in-us/
Preliminary results from the first year are tantalizing for anyone interested in solutions to address rising inequality in the United States, especially as they manifest along racial and gender lines. Within the first year, the study’s participants obtained jobs at twice the rate of the control group. At the beginning of the study, 28 percent of the participants had full-time employment, and after the first year, that number rose to 40 percent.
This is what happened when 125 participants were given $500/month over two years to see what would happen.
In King County, pollution makes ZIP codes predictors of your health | Crosscut. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 March 2021, from https://crosscut.com/video/new-normal/king-county-pollution-makes-zip-codes-predictors-your-health
CEDI_IIEC_UNAM [@Bibliotecaiiec] [2021-03-04] COVID-19 and global income inequality / by Angus Deaton. © Princeton University https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/international_income_inequality_and_the_covid_v2_assembled_0.pdf. (Tweet] Twitter. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/Bibliotecaiiec/status/1353143277625733121.
Alfani, G. (2020, October 15). Pandemics and inequality: A historical overview. VoxEU.Org. https://voxeu.org/article/pandemics-and-inequality-historical-overview
“In the last decade, especially with the pioneering work of Thomas Piketty and his co-authors, there has been a growing consensus that tax cuts for the rich lead to higher income inequality,” Hope and Limberg said.
Even worse, Shadow Stat's numbers show so much inflation the past 25 years that, as Jim Pethokoukis points out, it implies the economy hasn't grown at all during that time.
Real economic numbers validate a 25 year period (or more) of manipulated inflation and low growth economy. INCOME INEQUALITY statistics and recent studies ALL validate fuzzy math, rosy picture for the 1% and stagnant dismal picture for average Americans. Trump based his entire campaign and Presidency on Making America Great Again
So which seems likelier: that we're no better off than we were a quarter century ago, or that Shadow Stats is total bunk?
This is an easy question to answer from my perspective. For me (age 62) and most of my peers, their kids and their peers, we are NO better off than we were a quarter century ago! A large part is the change from Industrial/Manufacturing to Technology and the outsourced labor and manufacturing. America has changed, this is FACT
Byrne, K. A., Six, S. G., Ghaiumy Anaraky, R., Harris, M. W., & Winterlind, E. L. (2020, November 5). Risk-Taking Unmasked: Using Risky Choice and Temporal Discounting to Explain COVID-19 Preventative Behaviors. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uaqc2
Wiley
Similar to CUP and IOP, Sage, and Springer Nature, many UK institutions have signed a contract to fund Wiley's publishing activities for four more years as a result of Plan S, regardless of how many authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) are openly available in repositories. This fact undermines the arguments made above by the STM Association about the rights retention strategy (RRS) undermining financial sustainability.
Furthermore, the financial credit cap for the Wiley deal is operationally low, resulting in additional expenditure for institutions at the end of the calendar year when open access support funds are running low. This additional cost is not sustainable for many institutions and unintentionally creates inequitable access to no-additional-cost publishing.
Springer Nature
UK institutions have been through several terms of the Springer Compact deal and continue to negotiate amendments and additional terms with added expense. The Springer Compact deal delivers no-additional-cost publishing for an upfront commitment of funds by institutions. Regardless of how many authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) are openly available in repositories institutions continue to support Springer Nature's publishing activities. This fact undermines the arguments made above by the STM Association about the rights retention strategy (RRS) undermining financial sustainability.
SAGE Publishing
Similar to CUP and IOP, many UK institutions have signed a contract to fund Sage's publishing activities for three years as a result of Plan S, regardless of how many authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) are openly available in repositories. This fact undermines the arguments made above by the STM Association about the rights retention strategy (RRS) undermining financial sustainability.
IOP Publishing
Similar to CUP, some UK institutions have signed a contract to fund IOP's publishing activities for four years as a result of Plan S, regardless of how many authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) are openly available in repositories. This fact undermines the arguments made above by the STM Association about the rights retention strategy (RRS) undermining financial sustainability.
Cambridge University Press
Many UK institutions have signed a contract to fund CUP's publishing activities for four years as a result of Plan S, regardless of how many authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) are openly available in repositories. This fact undermines the arguments made above by the STM Association about the rights retention strategy (RRS) undermining financial sustainability.
eliminates the ability to charge for the services that publishers provide
This is an inaccurate statement or at the very least misrepresents the situation. Despite the Rights Retention Strategy (RRS), publisher may - and many do - continue to charge page charges, over-run charges, colour charges, submission fees, society fees, etc. to the author. The author may also choose to pay an open access article processing charge (APC), without using their funder's money. Furthermore, the RRS does not eliminate the publisher charging subscription fees, licensing fees for the reproduction of content (e.g. figure resue), access to meta-content, docdel etc. or, indeed, individual access to the version of record (VoR) where a reader has identified a need to see the VoR after seeing the authors accepted manuscript (AAM)
The Rights Retention Strategy provides a challenge to the vital income that is necessary to fund the resources, time, and effort to provide not only the many checks, corrections, and editorial inputs required but also the management and support of a rigorous peer review process
This is an untested statement and does not take into account the perspectives of those contributing to the publishers' revenue. The Rights Retention Strategy (RRS) relies on the author's accepted manuscript (AAM) and for an AAM to exist and to have the added value from peer-review a Version of Record (VoR) must exist. Libraries recognise this fundamental principle and continue to subscribe to individual journals of merit and support lucrative deals with publishers. From some (not all) librarians' and possibly funders' perspectives these statements could undermine any mutual respect.
UNCTAD (2020) Coronavirus will cost global tourism at least $1.2 trillion. https://unctad.org/news/coronavirus-will-cost-global-tourism-least-12-trillion
Kim. S., Koh. K., Zhang. X., (2020) Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Consumption and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Singapore. Institute of labor economics. Retrieved from: https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13354/
Papageorge. N. W., Zahn. M. V. Belot. M., van den Broek-Altenburg. E., Choi. S., Jamison. J. C., (2020). Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Self-Protecting Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from: https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13333/
wealth persist across racial groups.
EXAMINE THE SYSTEMS WHICH HELP TO ENFORCE THIS RACIAL INCOME DIVIDE! Most relate. Fixing these systems could help to bridge the income gap between racial groups. Even laws so ingrained in us.
Hone, T., Mirelman, A. J., Rasella, D., Paes-Sousa, R., Barreto, M. L., Rocha, R., & Millett, C. (2019). Effect of economic recession and impact of health and social protection expenditures on adult mortality: A longitudinal analysis of 5565 Brazilian municipalities. The Lancet Global Health, 7(11), e1575–e1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30409-7
Florida, R & Mellander, C. (2020) The Geography of COVID-19 in Sweden. Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation, Royal Institute of Technology.
COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved October 11, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13625/
James Bronterre O’Brien, told the people:‘Knaves will tell you that it is because you have no property, you are unrepresented. I tell you on the contrary, it is because you are unrepresented that you have no property …’16
great quote
A thousand years ago, the world was flat, economically speaking.
I don't think we have to go back even this far. If I recall correctly, even 150 years ago the vast majority of the world's population were subsistence farmers. It's only been since the 20th century and the increasing spread of the industrial revolution that the situation has changed:
Even England remained primarily an agrarian country like all tributary societies for the previous 4,000 years, with ca. 50 percent of its population employed in agriculture as late as 1759.
--David Christian, Maps of Time (pp 401) quoting from Crafts, British Economic Growth, pp. 13–14. (See also Fig 13.1 Global Industrial Potential from the same, for a graphical indicator.
Piketty, however, sees inequality as a social phenomenon, driven by human institutions. Institutional change, in turn, reflects the ideology that dominates society: “Inequality is neither economic nor technological; it is ideological and political.”
For Piketty, rising inequality is at root a political phenomenon. The social-democratic framework that made Western societies relatively equal for a couple of generations after World War II, he argues, was dismantled, not out of necessity, but because of the rise of a “neo-proprietarian” ideology. Indeed, this is a view shared by many, though not all, economists. These days, attributing inequality mainly to the ineluctable forces of technology and globalization is out of fashion, and there is much more emphasis on factors like the decline of unions, which has a lot to do with political decisions.
This is an interesting website for the extreme contrasts it brings out with regard to income inequality.
Nkengasong, J. N., Ndembi, N., Tshangela, A., & Raji, T. (2020). COVID-19 vaccines: How to ensure Africa has access. Nature, 586(7828), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02774-8
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IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. ‘COVID-19 and the Labor Market’. Accessed 6 October 2020. https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13644/.
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Torres, Irene, Osvaldo Artaza, Barbara Profeta, Cristina Alonso, and JaHyun Kang. ‘COVID-19 Vaccination: Returning to WHO’s Health For All’. The Lancet Global Health 0, no. 0 (25 September 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30415-0.
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St-Denis, X. (2020). Sociodemographic Determinants of Occupational Risks of Exposure to COVID-19 in Canada [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/nrjd3
Papageorge, N. W., Zahn, M. V., Belot, M., van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Choi, S., Jamison, J. C., & Tripodi, E. (2020). Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Self-Protecting Behavior during the Covid-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27378; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27378
Love, D., Allison, E. H., Asche, F., Belton, B., Cottrell, R. S., Froehlich, H. E., Gephart, J. A., Hicks, C., Little, D. C., Nussbaumer, E. M., da Silva, P. P., Poulain, F., Rubio, A., Stoll, J. S., Tlusty, M. F., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Troell, M., & Zhang, W. (2020). Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/x8aew
Ferreira, L. M. R., & Mostajo-Radji, M. A. (2020). Plasma-based COVID-19 treatments in low- and middle-income nations pose a high risk of an HIV epidemic [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/cyqx8
Fore, H. H., Dongyu, Q., Beasley, D. M., & Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2020). Child malnutrition and COVID-19: The time to act is now. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31648-2
Independent SAGE on Twitter: “NEW: Independent SAGE has evaluated the scientific evidence on social distancing & concludes it is not safe to reduce it from 2m to 1m indoors as government proposes https://t.co/GHgJ6SXW7C” / Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://twitter.com/independentsage/status/1274727763786809344
Nepomuceno, M. (2020). Vulnerable groups at increased risk of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of the HIV population [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/9gpw8
Hogan, A. B., Jewell, B. L., Sherrard-Smith, E., Vesga, J. F., Watson, O. J., Whittaker, C., Hamlet, A., Smith, J. A., Winskill, P., Verity, R., Baguelin, M., Lees, J. A., Whittles, L. K., Ainslie, K. E. C., Bhatt, S., Boonyasiri, A., Brazeau, N. F., Cattarino, L., Cooper, L. V., … Hallett, T. B. (2020). Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: A modelling study. The Lancet Global Health, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30288-6
Rodela, T. T., Tasnim, S., Mazumder, H., Faizah, F., Sultana, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Economic Impacts of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Developing Countries [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wygpk
Chowdhury, R., Luhar, S., Khan, N., Choudhury, S. R., Matin, I., & Franco, O. H. (2020). Lifting the lockdown: What are the options for low and middle-income countries? [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/yu5br
The Distributional Impacts of Early Employment Losses from COVID-19. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13266/
Chiou, L., & Tucker, C. (2020). Social Distancing, Internet Access and Inequality (Working Paper No. 26982; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26982
editor, P. B. S. policy. (2020, August 13). UK’s poorest ‘skip meals and go hungry’ during coronavirus crisis. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/12/coronavirus-lockdown-hits-nutritional-health-of-uks-poorest
Benmelech, E., & Tzur-Ilan, N. (2020). The Determinants of Fiscal and Monetary Policies During the Covid-19 Crisis (Working Paper No. 27461; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27461
Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home? (Working Paper No. 26948; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26948
Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). Income, Liquidity, and the Consumption Response to the 2020 Economic Stimulus Payments (Working Paper No. 27097; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27097
Hamermesh, Daniel S. ‘Lock-Downs, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27018.
Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 26949; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26949
The Cost of the COVID-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations, and Consumer Spending. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13224/
McLaren, J. (2020). Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Deaths: Seeking Economic Roots with Census data. (Working Paper No. 27407; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27407
Wiemers, E. E., Abrahams, S., AlFakhri, M., Hotz, V. J., Schoeni, R. F., & Seltzer, J. A. (2020). Disparities in Vulnerability to Severe Complications from COVID-19 in the United States (Working Paper No. 27294; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27294
Campello, M., Kankanhalli, G., & Muthukrishnan, P. (2020). Corporate Hiring under COVID-19: Labor Market Concentration, Downskilling, and Income Inequality (Working Paper No. 27208; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27208
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hendren, N., Stepner, M., & Team, T. O. I. (2020). How Did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data (Working Paper No. 27431; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27431
Dang. H. A. H., Huynh. T. L. D., Nguyen. M. H. (2020) Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Disproportionately Affect the Poor? Evidence from a Six-Country Survey. Institute of labor economics. Retrieved from: https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13352/
Unequal Consequences of COVID-19 across Age and Income: Representative Evidence from Six Countries. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13366/
Modelling the Distributional Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13235/
Six-Country Survey on COVID-19 (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 4, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13230/
Jul 30, J. C. · P., & July 31, 2020 1:50 PM ET | Last Updated: (2020, July 30). Black people and other people of colour make up 83% of reported COVID-19 cases in Toronto | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-covid-19-data-1.5669091
Schmitt-Grohé, S., Teoh, K., & Uribe, M. (2020). Covid-19: Testing Inequality in New York City (Working Paper No. 27019; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27019
Alfaro, L., Becerra, O., & Eslava, M. (2020). EMEs and COVID-19: Shutting Down in a World of Informal and Tiny Firms (Working Paper No. 27360; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27360
Working with Census microdata. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://walker-data.com/tidycensus/articles/pums-data.html
Barlow, Pepita, Rachel Loopstra, Valerie Tarasuk, and Aaron Reeves. “Liberal Trade Policy and Food Insecurity across the Income Distribution: An Observational Analysis in 132 Countries, 2014–17.” The Lancet Global Health 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): e1090–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30263-1.
Lenzen, M., Li, M., Malik, A., Pomponi, F., Sun, Y.-Y., Wiedmann, T., Faturay, F., Fry, J., Gallego, B., Geschke, A., Gómez-Paredes, J., Kanemoto, K., Kenway, S., Nansai, K., Prokopenko, M., Wakiyama, T., Wang, Y., & Yousefzadeh, M. (2020). Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0235654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654
Heap, S. H., Koop, C., Matakos, K., Unan, A., & Weber, N. S. (2020). COVID-19 and people’s health-wealth preferences: Information effects and policy implications [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/mz67j
Arnold, Carrie. ‘Pandemic Speeds Largest Test yet of Universal Basic Income’. Nature, 10 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01993-3.
The lesson here is that it's never too late for tax laws to change. It's rare to have tax breaks restored this late
Your deductible medical expenses include unreimbursed medical expenses that are deductible on Schedule A. You can include medical expenses and copayments for you, your spouse, and your dependents. You can only deduct the part of your expenses that exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. Enter the full amount of your medical expenses, and we'll calculate if the medical expenses are more than 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. The definition of what constitutes a medical expense is very broad and includes expenses to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease. However, cosmetic surgery is not deductible unless it is related to disfigurement from a congenital abnormality, accidental injury, or a disfiguring disease. Other examples of nondeductible medical expenses are nonprescription drugs, doctor prescribed travel for "rest", and expenses for the improvement of your general health such as a weight-loss program or health club fees (the weight-loss program is deductible if it is to treat a specific disease). Examples of deductible medical expenses include: Abortions Acupuncture Alcoholism treatment Ambulance costs Birth control pills Child birth classes Chiropractors Contact lenses Crutches Dentist Dentures Doctor fees Drug addiction treatment Prescription drugs Dyslexia reading programs and tutors Eye examination and glasses Guide dogs Health insurance Hearing aids Hospital bills Insulin Laboratory fees Long-term care insurance Nursing home if for medical treatment Optometrist Osteopath Physical therapy Psychiatrist Psychologist Travel to medical clinics Vasectomy Wheelchair
What types of income are NOT taxable? Don't overpay the IRS by including nontaxable income on your tax return. The following income is generally NOT taxable income. There are always exceptions. For example, inheritances are generally not taxable, but if you inherited an IRA account, you will be taxed when you receive IRA distributions. But for most people, these types of income are NOT taxable: Life insurance proceeds IRA and Pension rollovers Child support payments Inheritances Gifts Workers Compensation Disability payments if you paid the premiums on the policy. If your employer paid the policy, then the disability payments are taxable. If you paid part of the policy, then part of the disability payments you paid are nontaxable. Court damages or settlements for personal physical injuries or physical sickness. Punitive payments are taxable. Health and accident benefits Federal income tax refund State income tax refund (if you took the standard deduction last year) Most scholarships, fellowships, and Pell grants Foster care payments (certain restrictions for individuals over age 18 in foster care) Gain on the sale of your personal residence is usually nontaxable. The gain might be taxable if you lived in the residence less than two years or if the residence has ever been used as a rental property or home office Roth IRA qualified distributions Welfare payments Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Social security benefits (including SSDI) are either nontaxable or partially taxable. Enter your social security benefits on the Social Security Benefits screen and we'll calculate how much, if any, of your benefits are taxable Cancellation of debt because of bankruptcy or insolvency. Enter your 1099-C or 1099-A on the Canceled Debt (1099-C or 1099-A) Information screen and we'll calculate how much, if any, of the canceled debt is taxable Veterans Administration disability benefits Pay-for-Performance Success Payments that reduce the principal balance of your home mortgage under the Home Affordable Modification Program Black lung benefits Cash rebates. For example, if you receive a cash rebate of $100 after you purchase a new washing machine Insurance proceeds for theft or damage to your property Utility rebates Long-term care insurance benefits Military allowances Peace Corps living allowances Reimbursement for medical care Certain individual care provider income Disaster relief payments
Mishra, S. V. (2020). COVID-19, online teaching, and deepening digital divide in India [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wzrak
Warren, M. (2020, June 16). Why Are We So Quick To Scrutinise How Low-Income Families Spend Their Money?. Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2020/06/16/why-are-we-so-quick-to-scrutinise-how-low-income-families-spend-their-money/
Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved June 18, 2020, from https://twitter.com/scibeh/status/1273519745762037765
Youth and COVID 19: Response, Recovery and Resilience—OECD. (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=134_134356-ud5kox3g26&title=Youth-and-COVID-19-Response-Recovery-and-Resilience
Andrew, A., Cattan, S., Dias, M. C., Farquharson, C., Kraftman, L., Krutikova, S., Phimister, A., & Sevilla, A. (2020, May 18). Learning during the lockdown: Real-time data on children’s experiences during home learning. https://doi.org/10.1920/BN.IFS.2020.BN0288
Nettle, D., Johnson, E., Johnson, M., & Saxe, R. (2020). Why has the COVID-19 pandemic increased support for Universal Basic Income? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/csr3u
We Have a Rare Opportunity to Create a Stronger, More Equitable Society. (2020, June 1). Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/we-have-a-rare-opportunity-to-create-a-stronger-more-equitable-society/
Branas-Garza, P., Caldentey, P., Espin, A. M., García, T., & Román, A. H. (2020). Exposure to economic inequality at the age of 8 enhances prosocial behavior in adult life [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nkz5a
Multiple articles from Financial Times - Future of AI and Digital Healthcare
Borgonovi, F., & Pokropek, A. (2020). Can we rely on trust in science to beat the COVID-19 pandemic? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yq287
Lourenco, S. F., & Tasimi, A. (2020). No Participant Left Behind: Conducting Science During COVID-19. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, S1364661320301157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.003
Du, H., Chen, A., Chi, P., & King, R. B. (2020, May 7). Income Inequality Reduces Civic Honesty. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/upm47
McElroy, E., Patalay, P., Moltrecht, B., Shevlin, M., Shum, A., Creswell, C., & Waite, P. (2020, May 8). Demographic and health factors associated with pandemic anxiety in the context of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2eksd
Dunn, C. G., Kenney, E., Fleischhacker, S. E., & Bleich, S. N. (2020). Feeding Low-Income Children during the Covid-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), e40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005638
Braun, J. von, Zamagni, S., & Sorondo, M. S. (2020). The moment to see the poor. Science, 368(6488), 214–214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc2255
There are several itemizable tax deductions, but the bulk of most taxpayers' deductions come from the "big four": Mortgage interest on as much as $750,000 in principal. Medical expenses in excess of 10% of your AGI. State and local taxes (SALT), including property taxes and state income or sales taxes, up to a maximum of $10,000 per year. Charitable contributions. For most Americans, adding up these four deductions can be a good indicator of whether itemizing will be worthwhile
The tax burden would be enormous, roughly doubling the current tax obligations for today’s taxpayers. One funding option Sanders proposes is a 7.5 percent payroll tax, plus a 4 percent income tax on all Americans, as well as a wide variety of specialized taxes on investments and taxes targeted to higher-income Americans.
According to the analysis above, it can be said that the "Single-payer" system aims to reduce costs for users but ultimately has a higher tax rate than the conventional healthcare system.
His planwould finance the national insurance program through a combination of payroll and income taxes, and it would replace private and employer-sponsored health insurance and existing government health programs—including Medicare itself.
Is that means banning the activities of private insurance companies, and using only a single-payer health care system while everyone is robbed of jobs and becoming poor?
Income share agreements could lower costs and improve outcomes by tying loan amounts to objective judgments of how much the student is likely to earn from her degree. Educational quality could also benefit: Investors would presumably advance students money only for schools that were doing a decent job of teaching them. The risks are that some borrowers could end up paying far more under such a scheme than the current plan and that investors might not lend to students they consider too risky.
The author's counter arguments to Income Share Agreements are not convincing enough for me. They seem abstract and vague.
mightthosewhoareintheminorityeverbeabletoinfluenceorcontrolthewaytheyarerepresentedinasearchengine?
If the majority rules search engine results, the majority could also rule over the content. if the majority of the online population are sexist, then the majority of the results when searching even a simple/general term such as "cars" could be more searched by men, but also have more content created by men, especially men who are "middle class" or higher who could afford to purchase a car and own a technology capable of using a search engine.
It makes me think... What searches would come from people who were struggling financially and did not usually have access to a computer? What would they search first? And how would that impact the popular searches and content?
The majority of Canada's populace are not low income, but what would happen to results in other countries (or even ours)where low income is the majority, and they were all given access to search technologies?
He is a bit disturbed by this notion that salaries have to be at the high levels expected by US developers, which seems to permeate the FOSS sustainability effort. He said that he is often accused of wanting developers to starve, but that is not true at all: he wants people to get reasonable pay for reasonable work, to have health care, be able to live a comfortable middle-class life, and so on. But if being sustainable as a project means paying salaries at Silicon Valley levels, it simply will not work—it is not something we should bring back to FOSS, he said. We should look at what people need to live comfortably, while working on something they enjoy.
Bradley Kuhn è d'accordo con me sulla necessità di retribuzioni confortevoli ma non da ricconi quando si tratta di progetti comunitari.
Mahatma Gandhi, the father of our nation was a very benevolent and expert political master and observer that he had a great vision for the country. He was a man who fought for the upliftment of the poorer classes of society and thought of reforms in their favour.
True, but still we are not in right track since 1947 !
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