Münster, January 13, 1968
Presumably (is there a way to check), Luhmann gave this lecture while he was teaching from 1965-68 in his position at the Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Münster (Social Research Centre of the University of Münster).
Socialmetabolism encompasses biophysical flows exchanged between societies and their natural environmentas well asthe flows within and between social systems(Fig1).
Auch dieser Review-Artikel geht vom Konzept des social metabolism aus, den man als den Gegenstand von social-metabolic research verstehen kann. Der Begriff bezieht sich auf biophysikalische Flüsse zwischen Gesellschaften und ihrer natürlichen Umgebung und zwischen gesellschaftlichen Systemen. Diese Flüsse halten die material stocks, die materiellen Bestände, aufrecht.
for - social tipping point - 2023 paper - paper details
paper details - title: The Pareto effect in tipping social networks: from minority to majority - author - Jordan Everall - Jonathan. F Donges - Ilona. M. Otto - Preprint date - 20 Nov 2023 - Publication - EGUsphere Preprint Repository
summary - This is a recent 2023 paper that summarizes social tipping point research for fields of interest to me, such as climate change. - I'm reading, looking for any real world experimental validation of social tipping point in climate change - I didn't find any but still interesting
from - search - google - research on complex contagion refutes the 25% social tipping point threshold - https://www.google.com/search?q=research+on+complex+contagion+refutes+the+25%25+social+tipping+point+threshold&oq=research+on+complex+contagion+refutes+the+25%25+social+tipping+point+threshold&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRhA0gEJMjAyOTRqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 - search results returned of interest - The Pareto effect in tipping social networks: from minority to ... - https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2241/
Synergies for Europe's Research Infrastructures in the Social Sciences (SERISS)
https://pressbooks.rampages.us/msw-research/
Note taking section, particularly here: https://pressbooks.rampages.us/msw-research/chapter/5-writing-your-literature-review/#chapter-285-section-2
As part of the Election Integrity Partnership, my team at the Stanford Internet Observatory studies online rumors, and how they spread across the internet in real time.
Atari, M., Reimer, N. K., Graham, J., Hoover, J., Kennedy, B., Davani, A. M., Karimi-Malekabadi, F., Birjandi, S., & Dehghani, M. (2021). Pathogens Are Linked to Human Moral Systems Across Time and Space. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tnyh9
Holford, D. L., Juanchich, M., & Sirota, M. (2021). Ambiguity and unintended inferences about risk messages for COVID - 19. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/w5rd6
Bor, A., Jørgensen, F. J., & Petersen, M. B. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic Eroded System Support But Not Social Solidarity. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qjmct
Jørgensen, F. J., Nielsen, L. H., & Petersen, M. B. (2021). Willingness to Take the Booster Vaccine in a Nationally Representative Sample of Danes. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wurz8
Desai, S. C., & Reimers, S. (2022). Does explaining the origins of misinformation improve the effectiveness of a given correction? PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fxkzc
Seaman, K. L., Christensen, A. P., Senn, K., Cooper, J., & Cassidy, B. S. (2022). Age Differences in the Social Associative Learning of Trust Information. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b38rd
ReconfigBehSci. (2020, November 25). @ToddHorowitz3 @sciam do you mean the specific article is bad, or the wider claim/argument? Because as someone who does research on collective intelligence, I’d say there is some reason to believe it is true that there can be “too much” communication in science. See e.g. The work of Kevin Zollman [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1331672900550725634
ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘Now #scibeh2020: Pat Healey from QMU, Univ. Of London speaking about (online) interaction and miscommunication in our session on “Managing Online Research Discourse” https://t.co/Gsr66BRGcJ’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 6 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1326155809437446144
ReconfigBehSci. (2020, November 10). Now #scibeh2020: Presentation and Q&A with Martha Scherzer, senior risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) Consultant at the World Health Organization https://t.co/Gsr66BRGcJ [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1326148149870809089
Virpi Flyg on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 1 April 2022, from https://twitter.com/VirpiFlyg/status/1452995562224201736
Health Nerd. (2021, August 29). Fascinating stuff, a whole thread of people saying weird shit about me (and a poem that I’ve said many times was idiotic in hindsight) [Tweet]. @GidMK. https://twitter.com/GidMK/status/1431828103416877058
Inasaridze, K. (2022). COVID-19-related symptoms’ assessment tool. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wf8rv
News ·, A. M. · C. (2022, January 15). Canadian COVID-19 vaccine study seized on by anti-vaxxers—Highlighting dangers of early research in pandemic | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/covid-19-vaccine-study-omicron-anti-vaxxers-1.6315890
Michaud, M., & Center, U. of R. M. (n.d.). Trust in science at root of vaccine acceptance. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-01-science-root-vaccine.html
Bartlett, T. (2021, August 12). The Vaccine Scientist Spreading Vaccine Misinformation. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/robert-malone-vaccine-inventor-vaccine-skeptic/619734/
Study: Digital literacy doesn’t stop the spread of misinformation. (n.d.). MIT Sloan. Retrieved January 12, 2022, from https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/study-digital-literacy-doesnt-stop-spread-misinformation
Geddes, L., & correspondent, L. G. S. (2022, January 11). Covid loses 90% of ability to infect within five minutes in air – study. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/11/covid-loses-90-of-ability-to-infect-within-five-minutes-in-air-study
Zewe, A., & Technology, M. I. of. (2021, December 19). MIT Scientists Find Clues to Why Fake News Snowballs on Social Media. SciTechDaily. https://scitechdaily.com/mit-scientists-find-clues-to-why-fake-news-snowballs-on-social-media/
Courtney, D. S., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2021). Antecedents of Vaccine Hesitancy in WEIRD and East Asian Contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 5873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747721
Schmid, P., & Lewandowsky, S. (n.d.). Tackling COVID disinformation with empathy and conversation. The Conversation. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from http://theconversation.com/tackling-covid-disinformation-with-empathy-and-conversation-173013
Gregory, A., & editor, A. G. H. (2021, November 18). Mask-wearing cuts Covid incidence by 53%, says global study. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/17/wearing-masks-single-most-effective-way-to-tackle-covid-study-finds
Racine, N., Madigan, S., Cardinal, S., Hartwick, C., Leslie, M., Motz, M., & Pepler, D. (2021). Community-Based Research: Perspectives of Psychology Researchers and Community Partners. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cxrmt
Adler, J. M., & Wang, K. (2021). Narrative identity among people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: The interdependent self. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6724x
Code, A., Fox, L., Asbury, K., & Toseeb, U. (2021). How did Autistic Children, and their Parents, Experience School Transition during the COVID-19 Pandemic? PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8kzsn
Is Facebook ‘Killing Us’? A new study investigates. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2021/07/is-facebook-killing-us-a-new-study-investigates/
Matt Butler on Twitter: “The public’s verdict on SARS-CoV2, the virus causing Covid-19, and the importance this has in Hospitals. Firstly the majority of frontline staff and public surveyed agree #COVIDisAirborne. Yes echo chamber and all but this is the best I have till a big hitter does similar. /1 https://t.co/Yzg9y4NWSM” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/mjb302/status/1441580000508092416
Are women generally more interested in other social causes besides online surveillance and the negative cultural impacts of social media companies?
Most of the advanced researchers I seen on these topics are almost all women: Safiya Umoja Noble, Meredith Broussard, Ruha Benjamin, Cathy O'Neil, Shoshana Zuboff, Joan Donovan, danah boyd,Tressie McMillan Cottom, to name but a few.
The tougher part is that they are all fighting against problems created primarily by privileged, cis-gender, white men.
Tindle, R., Hemi, A., & Moustafa, A. (2021). Is Psychological Flexibility a Coping Mechanism? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ebw4g
As a virologist I’m shocked my work has been hijacked by anti-vaxxers | David LV Bauer | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved September 8, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/07/virologist-work-anti-vaxxers-covid
Zuckerman, E. (2021). Demand five precepts to aid social-media watchdogs. Nature, 597(7874), 9–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02341-9
Saire, Josimar. E. Chire., & Masuyama, A. (2021). How Japanese citizens faced the COVID-19 pandemic?: Exploration from twitter [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/64x7s
Iacobucci, G. (2021). Covid-19: Junior doctors write to young people to acknowledge vaccine concerns. BMJ, 374, n1963. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1963
Sun, Q., Lu, J., Zhang, H., & Liu, Y. (2021). Social Distance Reduces the Biases of Overweighting Small Probabilities and Underweighting Large Probabilities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(8), 1309–1324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220969051
We’ve analyzed thousands of COVID-19 misinformation narratives. Here are six regional takeaways—Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2021, from https://thebulletin.org/2021/06/weve-analyzed-thousands-of-covid-19-misinformation-narratives-here-are-six-regional-takeaways/
Nan, X., Wang, Y., & Thier, K. (2021). Health Misinformation. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jt3ur
The CDC Should Be More Like Wikipedia—The Atlantic. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/07/cdc-should-be-more-like-wikipedia/619469/
Romero, P., Mikiya, Y., Nakatsuma, T., Fitz, S., & Koch, T. (2021). Modelling Personality Change During Extreme Exogenous Conditions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rtmjw
Baker, N., & Ball, P. (2021). Coronapod: Does England’s COVID strategy risk breeding deadly variants? Nature, d41586-021-01977–x. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01977-x
Woodford, L., & Bussey, L. (2021). Exploring the Perceived Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Social Distancing Measures on Athlete Wellbeing: A Qualitative Study Utilising Photo-Elicitation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 624023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624023
The easy way to manage scientific publications and bookmarks
BibSonomy helps you to manage your publications and bookmarks, to collaborate with your colleagues and to find new interesting material for your research.
Bunker, C. J., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2021). How Strong is the Association Between Social Media Use and False Consensus? [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eyjaq
Hughes, B., Miller-Idriss, C., Piltch-Loeb, R., White, K., Creizis, M., Cain, C., & Savoia, E. (2021). Development of a Codebook of Online Anti-Vaccination Rhetoric to Manage COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation [Preprint]. Public and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.23.21253727
Buckee, C., Noor, A., & Sattenspiel, L. (2021). Thinking clearly about social aspects of infectious disease transmission. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03694-x
Markowitz, D. M., Song, H. (Jin), & Taylor, S. H. (2021). Tracing the Adoption and Effects of Open Science in Communication Research. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dsf67
Living normally, with Covid-19: Task force ministers on how S’pore is drawing road map for new normal, Opinion News & Top Stories—The Straits Times. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/living-normally-with-covid-19
Jigsaw. (2021, March 17). Distraction Helps Misinformation Spread. Thinking About Accuracy Can Reduce it. Medium. https://medium.com/jigsaw/distraction-helps-misinformation-spread-thinking-about-accuracy-can-reduce-it-a4e5d8371a85
Morrison, M., Merlo, K., & Woessner, Z. (2021). How to boost the impact of scientific conferences [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/895gt
van Lange, P., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Human Cooperation and the Crises of Climate Change, COVID-19, and Misinformation [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6tpa8
Antico, L., & Corradi-Dell’Acqua, C. (2021). Far from the eyes, far from the heart. COVID-19 confinement dampened sensitivity to painful facial features. [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ewvp7
Professor, interested in plagues, and politics. Re-locking my twitter acct when is 70% fully vaccinated.
Example of a professor/research who has apparently made his Tweets public, but intends to re-lock them majority of threat is over.
Baghal, T. A., Wenz, A., Sloan, L., & Jessop, C. (2021). Linking Twitter and survey data: Asymmetry in quantity and its impact. EPJ Data Science, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00286-7
Agarwal, A. (2021). Adjusting the Drafter for COVID19: Re-designing our society’s understanding of misinformation. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ugk5v
University to evaluate pilot events programme in Liverpool—University of Liverpool News. (2021, April 7). News. https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2021/04/07/university-to-evaluate-pilot-events-programme-in-liverpool/
Leeming, J. (2020). Careers and coronavirus: Sign up for expert advice straight to your inbox. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01837-0
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Conley, D., & Johnson, T. (2021). Opinion: Past is future for the era of COVID-19 research in the social sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(13). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104155118
Yang, K.-C., Pierri, F., Hui, P.-M., Axelrod, D., Torres-Lugo, C., Bryden, J., & Menczer, F. (2020). The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook. ArXiv:2012.09353 [Cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.09353
Swenson, A. (2021, April 20). Study lacks evidence on masks, isn’t linked to Stanford. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-629043235973
Białek, M., & Grossmann, I. (2021). Social bias insights concern judgments rather than real-world decisions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/y3h7n
You cannot practice public health without engaging in politics. (2021, March 29). The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/03/29/you-cannot-practice-public-health-without-engaging-in-politics/
Matias has his own lab, the Citizens and Technology Lab at Cornell, dedicated to making digital technologies that serve the public and not just private companies.
[[J. Nathan Matias]] Citizens and Technology Lab
I recall having looked at some of this research and not thinking it was as strong as is indicated here. I also seem to recall he had a connection with Tristan Harris?
Moehring, A. V., Collis, A., Garimella, K., Rahimian, M., Aral, S., & Eckles, D. (2021, February 8). Surfacing norms to increase vaccine acceptance. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/srv6t
Kozlowski, Diego, Jennifer Dusdal, Jun Pang, and Andreas Zilian. ‘Semantic and Relational Spaces in Science of Science: Deep Learning Models for Article Vectorisation’. ArXiv:2011.02887 [Physics], 5 November 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.02887.
Thompson, D. (2021, February 17). COVID-19 Cases Are Dropping Fast. Why? The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/why-covid-19-cases-are-falling-so-fast/618041/
Dutra, N. B. (2020). Commentary on Apicella, Norenzayan & Henrich (2020): Who is going to run the global laboratory of the future? PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4bw97
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Aczel, Balazs, Marton Kovacs, and Rink Hoekstra. ‘The Role of Human Fallibility in Psychological Research: A Survey of Mistakes in Data Management’. PsyArXiv, 5 November 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xcykz.
Estimating the impact of reopening schools on the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in England, using weekly contact survey data. (2021, February 15). CMMID Repository. https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/comix-schools.html
Tepper, S., & Neil Lewis, J. (2021). When the Going Gets Tough, How Do We Perceive the Future? PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pkaxn
Action research also distinguishes itself from other research in that its purpose is to create change on an individual and community level. Kristin Esterberg puts it quite eloquently when she says, “At heart, all action researchers are concerned that research not simply contribute to knowledge but also lead to positive changes in people’s lives” (2002, p. 137).
Directional goal
Spadaro, G., Tiddi, I., Columbus, S., Jin, S., Teije, A. t., & Balliet, D. (2020, October 28). The Cooperation Databank. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rveh3
Pennycook, G., Binnendyk, J., Newton, C., & Rand, D. G. (2020, October 1). A practical guide to doing behavioural research on fake news and misinformation. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g69ha
Allen, J. N. L., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020, October 1). Scaling Up Fact-Checking Using the Wisdom of Crowds. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9qdza
Grossmann, I., Twardus, O., Varnum, M. E. W., Jayawickreme, E., & McLevey, J. (2021). Societal Change and Wisdom: Insights from the World after Covid Project. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yma8f
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COVID-19 Social Science Tracker - Google Sheets
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Leibniz PhD Network - Mental Health for Doctoral Researchers During COVID-19 Webinar
Khan, S., & Hult Khazaie, D. (2020). Social Psychology and Pandemics: Exploring Consensus about Research Priorities and Strategies using the Delphi Method [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yhw74
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Register here: (n.d.). Google Docs. Retrieved May 5, 2020, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqXWlf0sbRR9wSH_42shm4vU4tHcCe0bQZuC-6ngHaI4I32w/viewform??embedded=true&usp=embed_facebook
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Social media research ethics faces a contradiction between big data positivism and research ethics fundamentalism. Big data positivists tend to say, ‘Most social media data is public data. It is like data in a newspaper. I can therefore gather big data without limits. Those talking about privacy want to limit the progress of social science’. This position disregards any engagement with ethics and has a bias towards quantification. The ethical framework Social Media Research: A Guide to Ethics (Townsend and Wallace, 2016) that emerged from an ESRC-funded project tries to avoid both extremes and to take a critical-realist position: It recommends that social scientists neither ignore nor fetishize research ethics when studying digital media.Research ethics fundamentalists in contrast tend to say,You have to get informed consent for every piece of social media data you gather because we cannot assume automatic consent, users tend not to read platform’s privacy policies, they may assume some of their data is private and they may not agree to their data being used in research. Even if you anonymize the users you quote, many can still be identified in the networked online environment.
One important aspect of critical social media research is the study of not just ideolo-gies of the Internet but also ideologies on the Internet. Critical discourse analysis and ideology critique as research method have only been applied in a limited manner to social media data. Majid KhosraviNik (2013) argues in this context that ‘critical dis-course analysis appears to have shied away from new media research in the bulk of its research’ (p. 292). Critical social media discourse analysis is a critical digital method for the study of how ideologies are expressed on social media in light of society’s power structures and contradictions that form the texts’ contexts.
One of the key critiques of the study is that the researchers didn’t log in. That is to say that they could not experience the full impact of the algorithm as it impacts their findings.
As Becca Lewis suggests, is the problem associated with methodology? This reminds me of some of the discussions associated with [social media and teens] (https://collect.readwriterespond.com/social-media-has-not-destroyed-a-generation/)
Units of analysis, then, are those things we examine in arder to create summary descriptions of ali such units and to explain differences among them
Definition of units of analysis
Units of Analysis
Definition of units of analysis
A given variable can sornetimes be measured at different levels. When in doubt, researchers should use the highest leve! of rneasurement ap-propriate to that variable so they can capture the greatest amount of information.
Variable
The Importance of Variable Names
Variables
Conceptions, Concepts, and Reality
Defining concepts
Checklist: Theoretical Framework
Use this checklist with your theoretical framework.
Concepts often have multiple definitions, so the theoretical framework involves clearly defining what you mean by each term
It's to know exactly what we mean using a specific concept.
In your thesis or dissertation, the theoretical framework is where you define, discuss and evaluate theories relevant to your research problem.
It's a place for definitions, right?
Sample theoretical framework
Sample theoretical framework
Conceptualization is the process of specifying observations and measurements that give concepts definite meaning for the purposes of a research study.
What is conceptualization? The way to give meaning to a concept for the ressearch.
Concepts are constructs; they represent the agreed-on meanings we assign to terms
Concepts represent agreements
Concepts are mental irnages we use as sumrnary devices for bringing together observations and experiences that seem to have something in corn-mon. We use terms or labels to reference these concepts
What is a concept? Mental images.
Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement
Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement: an essencial part of this process involves transforming the relatively vague terms of ordinary language into precise objects of study with wel-defined and measurable meanings
Research Design
Research design
The theoretical framework: what and how?
The theoetical framework
It is generally agreed that literature surveys and descriptive compilations do not meet the contribution-to-knowledge re-quirement for the dissertation
What is not accepted.
Positivist versus postpositivist.
My research is postpositivist
Experimental versus descriptive.
My research is going to be descriptive.
Quantitative versus qualitative.
My research is qualitative.
NEW OR IMPROVED ANALYSIS Analysis may be based on existing evidence or include new data.
Maybe my research leads in this way, but I think is more the previous one.
The evidence may be collected by an experiment, simulation, observations, questionnaire, interviews, or measurements.
Maybe my research goes in this way: new or improved evidence.
The additive contribution of a dissertation may arise from 1. new or improved evidence; 2. new or improved methodology; 3. new or improved analysis; 4. new or improved concepts or theories.
Four kind of contributions
The dissertation should be based on a significant question, problem, or hypothesis.
The power of a good question. That's why we need to learn how and what to ask.
Different approaches to testing of important results. If a researcher has reported interesting results with one research technique and a given research population, a doctoral student may consider replicating the experiment, altering either the research technique or the research population.
Open science and reproductible science is key here.
Writers of disserta-tions commonly describe further research that needs to be done.
Work on the results of others.
If there is likely to be a continuing interest, either academically or otherwise on the topic, then a student can continué to maintin scholarly capability in the área and continué to be a significant authority on the subject.
This is like Bret Victor's Inventing on principle and the question is: what is your principle?
A research project will typicaliy have more than one potential outcome. For example, a research experiment may fail to dis-prove the nuil hypothesis, it may disprove it, or it may be incon-clusive.
A database of unsuccessful cases is a good thing to have too.
The exploratory investigation, definition of problem, and writing normally take about half of the total time.
I can use this to measure my time.
If no theory base can be identified, the topic should be rejected
Theory is mandatory